Microphone Types and Pick Up Patterns麦克风类型与拾音指向

Dynamic Microphones 动态麦克风

Dynamic microphones are most often used in live sound applications, but they are still popular in recording studios for certain applications. Most are relatively inexpensive when compared with condensers and ribbons. One of the basic laws of electrodynamics (which is how the dynamic microphone received its name) states that an electric current will be generated when an electric conductor changes position with respect to a magnetic field. To harness this principle in a microphone, an electric conductor is attached to the diaphragm, which in turn is surrounded by a powerful permanent magnet.
动圈话筒在现场音响应用中最常用，但对于某些应用场合，在录音室中它们仍很受欢迎。与电容式麦克风和磁性麦克风相比，它们大多数价格相对较低廉。动圈话筒因为基本电动力学定律（这也是它得名的原因）之一：当电导体相对于磁场改变位置时，将产生电流，利用这一定律在话筒中，将导体连接到振膜上，然后振膜被一个强大的永久磁铁所包围而实现了。

Condenser Microphones 电容话筒

In the simplest condenser microphone, the capsule consists of two elements: a fixed conductive plate (typically called the backplate), and a conductive diaphragm parallel to the plate that's free to vibrate in response to sound.
在最简单的电容麦克风中，胶囊由两个元件组成：固定的导电板（通常称为背板）和与该板平行的可自由振动以响应声音的导电振膜。

Generally, condenser mics are more sensitive than dynamic mics and they have a broader frequency response. They require phantom power to pick up a signal. Compared with other microphone technologies, condensers can be configured to offer the greatest versatility in directional response. The pair of diaphragms gives you two mics in one, but what do you do with them? Plenty! Their outputs can be combined to create a wide range of net directional responses.
一般来说，电容麦克风比动圈麦克风更敏感，并且具有更广泛的频率响应。它们需要幻象电源来接收信号。与其他麦克风技术相比，电容麦克风可以配置成在方向响应上提供最大灵活性。一对振膜为您提供了两个麦克风，但您该如何使用它们？很多方式！它们的输出可以组合起来创建多种范围的净方向响应。

Ribbon Microphones 铝带麦克风

Ribbon microphones utilize the same fundamental transducer mechanism as dynamic mics: a vibrating electrical conductor cuts through a fixed magnetic field, thus creating a current flow analogous to the vibration. The difference is that a narrow, corrugated metal strip (the "ribbon" itself) is used rather than a metal coil. In fact, the ribbon replaces both the coil as well as the flexible diaphragm. It is both the vibrating element as well as the conductor:
铝带麦克风利用与动态麦克风相同的基本传感器机制：振动的电导体穿过固定的磁场，从而产生类似于振动的电流流动。不同之处在于使用窄的、波纹状的金属带（“带”本身），而不是金属线圈。实际上，这条带取代了线圈和柔性膜。它既是振动元件也是导体:

In its classic form, a ribbon microphone exhibits equal sensitivity along the axial dimension as well as 180 degree off-axis. Some ribbon microphones have been designed with unidirectional responses. Typically this is done via the addition of an acoustical labyrinth and damping system at the rear of the ribbon, although in a few cases manufacturers have built cardioid versions with dual elements that combine a pressure sensitive capsule along with the ribbon's pressure gradient. Of course, it's still difficult to make the second element with a ribbon mechanism, since its rear must be sealed in order to respond to pressure.
在其经典形式中，铝带麦克风沿轴向尺寸和 180 度的离轴方向具有相同的灵敏度。一些铝带麦克风经过设计具有单向响应。通常是通过在带后面添加声学迷宫和阻尼系统来实现的，尽管在一些情况下，制造商们建立了具有双元件的心脏状版本，这些元件结合了压力敏感胶囊和带的压力梯度。当然，仍然很难使用带机制制作第二元件，因为其后部必须密封才能对压力做出响应。

If you would like to learn more about microphones and how they work, check out the Microphone Techniques course offered on Berklee Online.
如果您想了解更多关于麦克风及其工作原理的信息，请查看伯克利在线提供的《麦克风技术》课程。