Graded Assignment: Module 1 Peer Review Assignment评分作业：模块 1 同伴互评

The purpose of this assignment is to give you the opportunity to apply the concepts you have learned in this module and to discuss some of the key ideas of the module in your own words. Follow the instructions provided and respond to each question. This a required activity for this module.
本作业的目的是让你有机会应用在本模块中学到的概念，并用自己的话讨论模块中的关键思想。按照提供的说明回答每个问题。这是本模块的必做活动。

Submit your answers to each of the questions based on the prompt provided on the My submission tab. Enter your answers directly in the spaces provided in the My submission tab. You may save a draft of your work as you go, and you can come back later to continue working on your draft. When you are finished working, click the Preview button, verify your identity, and then click Submit for review to submit the assignment.
提交您根据“我的提交”标签页上提供的提示针对每个问题的答案。直接在“我的提交”标签页中提供的空间内输入您的答案。您可以在进行过程中保存草稿，稍后回来继续编辑草稿。完成工作后，点击“预览”按钮，验证您的身份，然后点击“提交审核”以提交作业。

Grading Criteria Overview 评分标准概述

You are required to evaluate the submissions of at least THREE of your peers based on the instructions and rubric provided. You may begin giving feedback to other students as soon as you submit your assignment; click the Review classmates tab to begin. Feel free to provide additional reviews beyond the three required!
您需要根据提供的说明和评分标准，至少评估三位同行的提交作品。您可以在提交作业后立即开始对其他学生进行反馈；点击“审查同学”标签开始。请随意提供超出三个要求的额外评价！

This assignment is worth 20% of the course grade.
这项作业占课程成绩的 20%。

As you review your peers, points should be given only for correct/reasonable answers as specified in the rubric provided; incorrect/unreasonable answers get zero points.
在评审同行时，应仅根据提供的评分标准给予正确/合理的答案得分；错误/不合理的答案不得分。

Recommendations for Fair Peer Review:
公平同行评审建议：

• For subjective questions, the score should not be based on whether or not you agree with the answer but rather on whether the answer is complete and well-supported.
  对于主观性问题，评分不应基于你是否同意答案，而应基于答案是否完整且论据充分。
• Both content and organization are important components of a response. Good writing is confident and clearly focused with relevant details to enrich the content. Good writing also follows instructions, such as word limits, and offers requested information.
  内容和组织是响应的重要部分。优秀的写作自信且明确聚焦，包含相关细节以丰富内容。优秀的写作还遵循指示，如字数限制，并提供所需信息。
• A clear and concise answer is preferable to a long response that lacks coherence. Focus should be on content; try not to unduly penalize responses for spelling or grammar.
  一个清晰简洁的答案比一个缺乏连贯性的长篇回答更受欢迎。重点应放在内容上；尽量不要过分惩罚拼写或语法错误。

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The Ten Principles of 3D Printing 3D 打印的十大原则

Predicting the future is a crapshoot. When we were writing this book and interviewing people about 3D printing, we discovered that a few underlying “rules” kept coming up. People from a broad and diverse array of industries and backgrounds and levels of expertise described similar ways that 3D printing helped them get past key cost, time and complexity barriers.
预测未来是一场赌博。当我们撰写这本书并采访关于 3D 打印的人时，我们发现一些基本的“规则”反复出现。来自广泛和多样化的行业、背景和专业知识水平的人们描述了类似的方式，3D 打印帮助他们克服了关键的成本、时间和复杂性障碍。

We have summarized what we learned. Here are ten principles of 3D printing we hope will help people and businesses take full advantage of 3D printing technologies.
我们总结了我们所学的。以下是希望帮助人们和企业充分利用 3D 打印技术的十个原则。

Principle one: Manufacturing complexity is free. In traditional manufacturing, the more complicated an object’s shape, the more it costs to make. On a 3D printer, complexity costs the same as simplicity. Fabricating an ornate and complicated shape does not require more time, skill, or cost than printing a simple block. Free complexity will disrupt traditional pricing models and change how we calculate the cost of manufacturing things.
原则一：制造复杂性免费。在传统制造中，物体的形状越复杂，制造成本就越高。在 3D 打印机上，复杂性与简单性成本相同。制作一个华丽且复杂的形状，所需的时间、技能或成本并不比打印一个简单的方块多。免费复杂性将颠覆传统定价模式，并改变我们计算制造物品成本的方式。

Principle two: Variety is free. A single 3D printer can make many shapes. Like a human artisan, a 3D printer can fabricate a different shape each time. Traditional manufacturing machines are much less versatile and can only make things in a limited spectrum of shapes. 3D printing removes the overhead costs associated with re-training human machinists or re-tooling factory machines. A single 3D printer needs only a different digital blueprint and a fresh batch of raw material.
原则二：多样性自由。一台 3D 打印机可以制造出许多形状。就像人类工匠一样，3D 打印机每次都可以制造出不同的形状。传统制造机器的通用性要低得多，只能制造出有限范围内的形状。3D 打印消除了与重新培训人工机械师或重新调整工厂机器相关的额外成本。一台 3D 打印机只需要不同的数字蓝图和一批新的原材料。

Principle three: No assembly required. 3D printing forms interlocked parts. Mass manufacturing is built on the backbone of the assembly line. In modern factories, machines make identical objects that are later assembled by robots or human workers, sometimes continents away. The more parts a product contains, the longer it takes to assemble and the more expensive it becomes to make. By making objects in layers, a 3D printer could print a door and attached interlocking hinges at the same time, no assembly required. Less assembly will shorten supply chains, saving money on labor and transportation; shorter supply chains will be less polluting.
原则三：无需组装。3D 打印形成互锁部件。大批量生产建立在装配线的基础上。在现代工厂中，机器制造出相同的产品，随后由机器人或人工工人组装，有时在遥远的其他大陆。产品包含的部件越多，组装所需的时间越长，制造成本也越高。通过分层制造物体，3D 打印机可以同时打印门和附带的互锁铰链，无需组装。减少组装将缩短供应链，节省劳动力和运输成本；更短的供应链将减少污染。

Principle four: Zero lead time. A 3D printer can print on demand when an object is needed. The capacity for on-the-spot manufacturing reduces the need for companies to stockpile physical inventory. New types of business services become possible as 3D printers enable a business to make specialty — or custom — objects on demand in response to customer orders. Zero-lead-time manufacturing could minimize the cost of long-distance shipping if printed goods are made when they are needed and near where they are needed.
原则四：零准备时间。当需要物体时，3D 打印机可以按需打印。现场制造的能力减少了公司储存实物库存的需求。随着 3D 打印机使企业能够根据客户订单按需制造特殊或定制物体，新的商业服务成为可能。如果打印的物品在需要时并在需要的地方制造，零准备时间制造可以最大限度地减少长途运输的成本。

Principle five: Unlimited design space. Traditional manufacturing technologies and human artisans can make only a finite repertoire of shapes. Our capacity to form shapes is limited by the tools available to us. For example, a traditional wood lathe can make only round objects. A mill can make only parts that can be accessed with a milling tool. A molding machine can make only shapes that can be poured into and then extracted from a mold. A 3D printer removes these barriers, opening up vast new design spaces. A printer can fabricate shapes that until now have been possible only in nature.
原则五：无限设计空间。传统制造技术和人类工匠只能制作有限的范围内的形状。我们塑造形状的能力受到我们可用工具的限制。例如，传统的木工车床只能制作圆形物体。铣床只能制作可以用铣刀加工的部件。模具机只能制作可以倒入模具并从中取出的形状。3D 打印机消除了这些障碍，开辟了广阔的新设计空间。打印机可以制造出以前只有在自然界中才可能出现的形状。

Principle six: Zero skill manufacturing. Traditional artisans train as apprentices for years to gain the skills they needed. Mass production and computer-guided manufacturing machines diminish the need for skilled production. However traditional manufacturing machines still demand a skilled expert to adjust and calibrate them. A 3D printer gets most of its guidance from a design file. To make an object of equal complexity, a 3D printer requires less operator skill than does an injection molding machine. Unskilled manufacturing opens up new business models and could offer new modes of production for people in remote environments or extreme circumstances.
原则六：零技能制造。传统工匠需要多年学徒生涯才能掌握所需的技能。大规模生产和计算机引导的制造机器减少了对熟练生产的需求。然而，传统的制造机器仍然需要熟练的专家来调整和校准它们。3D 打印机大部分的指导来自设计文件。要制造同等复杂性的物体，3D 打印机所需的操作技能比注塑机要少。无技能制造开辟了新的商业模式，并为偏远环境或极端情况中的人们提供了新的生产方式。

Principle seven: Compact, portable manufacturing. Per volume of production space, a 3D printer has more manufacturing capacity than a traditional manufacturing machine. For example, an injection molding machine can only make objects significantly smaller than itself. In contrast, a 3D printer can fabricate objects as large as its print bed. If a 3D printer is arranged so its printing apparatus can move freely, a 3D printer can fabricate objects larger than itself. A high production capacity per square foot makes 3D printers ideal for home use or office use since they offer a small physical footprint.
原则七：紧凑、便携式制造。在单位生产空间内，3D 打印机的制造能力比传统制造机器更高。例如，注塑机只能制造比自身显著小的物体。相比之下，3D 打印机可以制造与打印床一样大的物体。如果将 3D 打印机的打印装置安排得可以自由移动，那么 3D 打印机可以制造比自身更大的物体。每平方英尺的高生产能力使得 3D 打印机非常适合家庭或办公室使用，因为它们具有较小的物理占用空间。

Principle eight: Less waste by-product. 3D printers that work in metal create less waste by-product than do traditional metal manufacturing techniques. Machining metal is highly wasteful as an estimated 90 percent of the original metal gets ground off and ends up on the factory floor. 3D printing is more wasteless for metal manufacturing. As printing materials improve, “Net shape” manufacturing could be a greener way to make things.
原则八：减少副产物。与传统的金属制造技术相比，金属 3D 打印机产生的副产物更少。金属加工非常浪费，据估计，原始金属中有 90%被磨掉，最终落在工厂的地板上。3D 打印在金属制造中更加节省材料。随着打印材料的改进，“净形状”制造可能成为一种更环保的制造方式。

Principle nine: Infinite shades of materials. Combining different raw materials into a single product is difficult using today’s manufacturing machines. Since traditional manufacturing machines carve, cut, or mold things into shape, these processes can’t easily blend together different raw materials. As multi-material 3D printing develops, we will gain the capacity to blend and mix different raw materials. New previously inaccessible blends of raw material offer us a much larger, mostly unexplored palette of materials with novel properties or useful types of behaviors.
原则九：材料的无限色彩。使用今天的制造机器将不同原材料结合成单一产品是困难的。由于传统制造机器是通过雕刻、切割或塑形来塑造物品，这些过程难以将不同的原材料混合在一起。随着多材料 3D 打印的发展，我们将获得混合和混合不同原材料的能力。新的、以前无法接触到的原材料混合物为我们提供了一个更大、大部分尚未探索的材料调色板，这些材料具有新颖的属性或有用的行为类型。

Principle ten: Precise physical replication. A digital music file can be endlessly copied with no loss of audio quality. In the future, 3D printing will extend this digital precision to the world of physical objects. Scanning technology and 3D printing will together introduce high resolution shapeshifting between the physical and digital worlds. We will scan, edit, and duplicate physical objects to create exact replicas or to improve on the original.
原则十：精确的物理复制。数字音乐文件可以无限复制而不会损失音质。在未来，3D 打印将把这种数字精度扩展到物理对象的世界。扫描技术和 3D 打印将共同在物理世界和数字世界之间引入高分辨率的变化。我们将扫描、编辑和复制物理对象以创建精确的复制品或改进原始设计。

Some of these principles already hold true today. Others will come true in the next decade or two (or three). By removing familiar, time-honored manufacturing constraints, 3D printing sets the stage for a cascade of downstream innovation. In the following chapters we explore how 3D printing technologies will change the ways we work, eat, heal, learn, create and play. Let’s begin with a visit to the world of manufacturing and design, where 3D printing technologies ease the tyranny of economies of scale.
一些这些原则今天已经成立。其他将在未来十年或二十年内（或三十年内）实现。通过消除熟悉的、历史悠久的生产限制，3D 打印为下游创新铺平了道路。在接下来的章节中，我们将探讨 3D 打印技术将如何改变我们的工作、饮食、治疗、学习、创造和娱乐方式。让我们从制造业和设计的世界开始，在那里 3D 打印技术减轻了规模经济的压迫。

Excerpted with permission from the publisher, Wiley, from Fabricated: The New World of 3D Printing by Hod Lipson and Melba Kurman. Copyright © 2013.
摘录自霍德·利普森和梅尔巴·库尔曼所著《制造：3D 打印的新世界》，经出版商约翰·威利公司许可。版权所有©2013。

Co-authors Hod Lipson and Melba Kurman are leading experts on 3D printing, frequently speaking and advising on this technology to industry, academia, and government.  Lipson’s lab at Cornell University has pioneered interdisciplinary research in 3D printing, product design, artificial intelligence, and smart materials. Kurman is a technology analyst and business strategy consultant who writes about game-changing technologies in lucid, engaging language.
合著者霍德·利普森和梅尔巴·库尔曼是 3D 打印领域的领先专家，经常向行业、学术界和政府就这项技术发表演讲和提供建议。利普森在康奈尔大学的实验室在 3D 打印、产品设计、人工智能和智能材料的多学科研究方面开创了先河。库尔曼是一位技术分析师和商业战略顾问，她用清晰、引人入胜的语言撰写关于颠覆性技术的文章。

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The most revolutionary 3D printing application, in my view, is customized home organization tools like modular storage boxes and IKEA SKADIS pegboard hooks. These items empower users to design hyper-personalized solutions that perfectly fit their living spaces, reducing reliance on mass-produced, one-size-fits-all products. For example, users can print hooks with unique geometries to hold specific tools or adapt storage boxes to irregular shelves, merging functionality with aesthetic individuality.

This aligns with three principles from The Ten Principles of 3D Printing. Principle 1 (Manufacturing Complexity is Free) allows intricate, space-efficient designs (e.g., interlocking parts) without added cost. Principle 2 (Variety is Free) enables a single printer to produce endless design iterations using digital blueprints. Principle 4 (Zero Lead Time) supports on-demand production, eliminating inventory waste and enabling rapid iteration based on user feedback. Together, these principles democratize design, minimize environmental impact, and prioritize user-centric innovation over industrial standardization.