Module 02 · Kubernetes Basics
Module 2 Glossary: Kubernetes Basics模块 2 术语表：Kubernetes 基础
| Term 术语 | Definition 定义 |
|---|---|
| Automated bin packing 自动装箱 | Increases resource utilization and cost savings using a mix of critical and best-effort workloads. 通过混合关键工作和尽力而为的工作负载来提高资源利用率和成本节约。 |
| Batch execution 批量执行 | Manages batch and continuous integration workloads and automatically replaces failed containers, if configured. 管理批量和持续集成工作负载，并在配置的情况下自动替换失败的容器。 |
| Cloud Controller Manager 云控制器管理器 | A Kubernetes control plane component that embeds cloud-specific control logic. The cloud controller manager lets you link your cluster into your cloud provider's API, and separates out the components that interact with that cloud platform from components that only interact with your cluster. Kubernetes 控制平面组件，嵌入特定于云的控制逻辑。云控制器管理器允许您将集群连接到云提供商的 API，并将与该云平台交互的组件与仅与您的集群交互的组件分离。 |
| Cluster 集群 | A set of worker machines, called nodes, that run containerized applications. Every cluster has at least one worker node. 一组运行容器化应用程序的工人机器，称为节点。每个集群至少有一个工人节点。 |
| Container Orchestration 容器编排 | Container orchestration is a process that automates the container lifecycle of containerized applications. 容器编排是一个自动化容器化应用程序容器生命周期的过程。 |
| Container Runtime 容器运行时 | The container runtime is the software that is responsible for running containers. 容器运行时是负责运行容器的软件。 |
| Control Loop 控制循环 | A non-terminating loop that regulates the state of a system. A thermostat is an example of a control loop. 一种非终止循环，用于调节系统的状态。恒温器是控制循环的一个例子。 |
| Control plane 控制平面 | The container orchestration layer that exposes the API and interfaces to define, deploy, and manage the lifecycle of containers. 容器编排层，负责暴露 API 和接口，用于定义、部署和管理容器的生命周期。 |
| Controller 控制器 | In Kubernetes, controllers are control loops that watch the state of your cluster, then make or request changes where needed. Each controller tries to move the current cluster state closer to the desired state. 在 Kubernetes 中，控制器是控制循环，它们监视集群状态，然后在需要的地方进行变更或请求变更。每个控制器都试图将当前集群状态移向期望状态。 |
| Data (Worker) Plane 数据（工作）平面 | The layer that provides capacity such as CPU, memory, network, and storage so that the containers can run and connect to a network. 提供 CPU、内存、网络和存储等容量的层，以便容器可以运行并连接到网络。 |
| DaemonSet | Ensures a copy of a Pod is running across a set of nodes in a cluster. 确保 Pod 的副本在集群的一组节点上运行。 |
| Declarative Management 声明式管理 | A desired state that can be expressed (for example, the number of replicas of a specific application),and Kubernetes will actively work to ensure that the observed state matches the desired state. 一个可表达的期望状态（例如，特定应用程序的副本数量），Kubernetes 将主动工作以确保观察到的状态与期望状态相匹配。 |
| Deployment 部署 | An object that provides updates for both Pods and ReplicaSets. Deployments run multiple replicas of an application by creating ReplicaSets and offering additional management capabilities on top of those ReplicaSets. In addition, deployments are suitable for stateless applications. 一个为 Pods 和 ReplicaSets 提供更新的对象。部署通过创建 ReplicaSets 并在这些 ReplicaSets 之上提供额外的管理功能来运行应用程序的多个副本。此外，部署适用于无状态应用程序。 |
| Designed for extensibility 为可扩展性而设计 |
Adds features to your cluster without adding or modifying source code. 为您的集群添加功能，而无需添加或修改源代码。 |
| Docker Swarm | Automates the deployment of containerized applications but was designed specifically to work with Docker Engine and other Docker tools making it a popular choice for teams already working in Docker environments. 自动化容器化应用程序的部署，但专门设计用于与 Docker Engine 和其他 Docker 工具协同工作，使其成为已在 Docker 环境中工作的团队的热门选择。 |
| Ecosystem 生态系统 | A composition of services, support and tools that are widely available. The Kubernetes ecosystem is a large, rapidly growing ecosystem where its services, support, and tools are widely available. 服务、支持和工具的组合，广泛可用。Kubernetes 生态系统是一个庞大且快速发展的生态系统，其服务、支持和工具都是广泛可用的。 |
| etcd | A highly available key value store that contains all the cluster data. For any deployment, the deployment configuration is stored in etcd. It is the source of truth for the state in a Kubernetes cluster, and the system works to bring the cluster state into line with what is stored in etcd. 一个高可用的键值存储，包含所有集群数据。对于任何部署，部署配置都存储在 etcd 中。它是 Kubernetes 集群中状态的权威来源，系统工作以使集群状态与 etcd 中存储的内容保持一致。 |
| Eviction | Process of terminating one or more Pods on Nodes. 终止节点上一个或多个 Pod 的过程。 |
| Imperative commands 命令式命令 | Create, update, and delete live objects directly. 直接创建、更新和删除活动对象。 |
| Imperative Management 命令式管理 | Defining steps and actions to get to a desired state. 定义达到预期状态所需的步骤和操作。 |
| Ingress 入口 | An API object that manages external access to the services in a cluster, typically HTTP. 一个管理集群中服务外部访问的 API 对象，通常是 HTTP。 |
| IPv4/IPv6 dual stack IPv4/IPv6 双栈 | Assigns both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to Pods and Services. 为 Pods 和 Services 分配 IPv4 和 IPv6 地址。 |
| Job 作业 | A finite or batch task that runs to completion. 一个有穷或批处理任务，运行至完成。 |
| Kubectl | Also known as kubectl Command line tool for communicating with a Kubernetes cluster's control plane, using the Kubernetes API. 也称为 kubectl 命令行工具，用于通过 Kubernetes API 与 Kubernetes 集群的控制平面进行通信。 |
| Kubelet | The kubelet is the primary "node agent" that runs on each node. The kubelet takes a set of PodSpecs (a YAML or JSON object that describes a pod) provided primarily through the apiserver and ensures that the containers described in those PodSpecs are running and healthy. The kubelet doesn't manage containers which were not created by Kubernetes. Kubelet 是每个节点上运行的主要"节点代理"。Kubelet 主要通过 apiserver 获取一组 PodSpecs（描述 Pod 的 YAML 或 JSON 对象），并确保这些 PodSpecs 中描述的容器正在运行且健康。Kubelet 不管理非 Kubernetes 创建的容器。 |
| Kubernetes | Is the de facto open-source platform standard for container orchestration. It was developed by Google and is maintained by the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF). Kubernetes automates container management tasks, like deployment, storage provisioning, load balancing and scaling, service discovery, and fixing failed containers. Its open-source toolset and wide array of functionalities are very attractive to leading cloud providers, who both support it, and in some cases, also offer fully managed Kubernetes services. 事实上的开源容器编排平台标准。它由谷歌开发并由云原生计算基金会（CNCF）维护。Kubernetes 自动化管理容器任务，如部署、存储供应、负载均衡和扩展、服务发现以及修复故障容器。其开源工具集和广泛的功能对领先的云服务提供商非常有吸引力，这些提供商既支持它，在某些情况下还提供完全管理的 Kubernetes 服务。 |
| Kubernetes API | The application that serves Kubernetes functionality through a RESTful interface and stores the state of the cluster. 通过 RESTful 接口提供 Kubernetes 功能并存储集群状态的应用程序。 |
| Kubernetes API Server | The Kubernetes API server validates and configures data for the api objects which include pods, services, replication controllers, and others. The API Server services REST operations and provides the frontend to the cluster's shared state through which all other components interact. Kubernetes API 服务器验证并配置数据，这些数据包括 pod、服务、复制控制器等 API 对象。API 服务器提供 REST 操作服务，并通过该前端为集群的共享状态提供接口，所有其他组件都通过该接口与集群交互。 |
| Kubernetes Controller Manager Kubernetes 控制器管理器 |
Runs all the controller processes that monitor the cluster state and ensures that the actual state of a cluster matches the desired state. Examples of controllers that ship with Kubernetes are the replication controller, endpoints controller, namespace controller, and service accounts controller. 运行所有监控集群状态的控制进程，并确保集群的实际状态与期望状态相匹配。Kubernetes 附带的控制器的例子包括复制控制器、端点控制器、命名空间控制器和服务账户控制器。 |
| Kubernetes Cloud Controller Manager Kubernetes 云控制器管理器 |
A Kubernetes control plane component that embeds cloud-specific control logic. The cloud controller manager lets you link your cluster into your cloud provider's API, and separates out the components that interact with that cloud platform from components that only interact with your cluster. 一个嵌入特定云控制逻辑的 Kubernetes 控制平面组件。云控制器管理器允许您将集群连接到云提供商的 API，并将与该云平台交互的组件与仅与您的集群交互的组件分离。 |
| Kubernetes Proxy Kubernetes 代理 | A network proxy that runs on each node in a cluster. This proxy maintains network rules that allow communication to Pods running on nodes—in other words, communication to workloads running on the cluster. The user must create a service with the apiserver API to configure the proxy. 一个在集群每个节点上运行的网络代理。该代理维护网络规则，允许与节点上运行的 Pod 进行通信——换句话说，与集群上运行的工作负载进行通信。用户必须使用 apiserver API 创建一个服务来配置该代理。 |
| kube-scheduler | Control plane component that watches for newly created Pods with no assigned node, and selects a node for them to run on. 控制平面组件，用于监控新创建且未分配节点的 Pod，并为其选择运行节点。 |
| Label Selector 标签选择器 | Allows users to filter a list of resources based on labels. 允许用户根据标签过滤资源列表。 |
| Labels 标签 | Tags objects with identifying attributes that are meaningful and relevant to users. 为对象添加具有对用户有意义且相关的标识属性。 |
| Load balancing 负载均衡 | Balances traffic across Pods for better performance and high availability. 在 Pod 之间平衡流量，以获得更好的性能和高可用性。 |
| Marathon | Is an Apache Mesos framework. Apache Mesos is an open-source cluster manager developed by UC Berkeley. It lets users scale container infrastructure through the automaton of most management and monitoring tasks. 是一个 Apache Mesos 框架。Apache Mesos 是由加州大学伯克利分校开发的一个开源集群管理器。它允许用户通过自动化大部分管理和监控任务来扩展容器基础设施。 |
| Namespace 命名空间 | An abstraction used by Kubernetes to support isolation of groups of resources within a single cluster. Kubernetes 使用的用于在单个集群内支持资源组隔离的一种抽象。 |
| Node 节点 | The worker machine in a Kubernetes cluster. User applications are run on nodes. Nodes can be virtual or physical machines. Each node is managed by the control plane and is able to run Pods. Kubernetes 集群中的工作节点。用户应用程序在节点上运行。节点可以是虚拟机或物理机。每个节点由控制平面管理，并能够运行 Pod。 |
| Nomad | (Hashicorp) is a free and open-source cluster management and scheduling tool that supports Docker and other applications on all major operating systems across all infrastructure, whether on-premises or in the cloud. This flexibility lets teams work with any type and level of workload. (Hashicorp)是一个免费且开源的集群管理和调度工具，支持在所有主要操作系统上的 Docker 和其他应用程序，无论基础设施是本地还是云端。这种灵活性使团队能够处理任何类型和级别的任务负载。 |
| Object 对象 | An entity in the Kubernetes system. The Kubernetes API uses these entities to represent the state of your cluster. Kubernetes 系统中的一个实体。Kubernetes API 使用这些实体来表示您的集群状态。 |
| Persistence 持久性 | Ensures that an object exists in the system, until the object is modified or removed. 确保对象存在于系统中，直到对象被修改或删除。 |
| Preemption 抢占 | Logic in Kubernetes helps a pending Pod to find a suitable Node by evicting low priority Pods existing on that Node. Kubernetes 中的逻辑帮助待处理的 Pod 找到一个合适的节点，通过将该节点上存在的低优先级 Pod 踢出。 |
| Self-healing 自我修复 | Restarts, replaces, reschedules, and kills failing or unresponsive containers. 重启、替换、重新调度和杀死故障或无响应的容器。 |
| Service 服务 | An abstract way to expose an application running on a set of Pods as a network service. 以抽象方式将运行在一组 Pods 上的应用程序作为网络服务进行暴露。 |
| Service Discovery 服务发现 | Discovers Pods using their IP addresses or a single DNS name. 使用 Pods 的 IP 地址或单个 DNS 名称发现 Pods。 |
| StatefulSet 有状态集 | Manages the deployment and scaling of a set of Pods, and provides guarantees about the ordering and uniqueness of these Pods. 管理一组 Pod 的部署和扩展，并确保这些 Pod 的顺序和唯一性。 |
| Storage 存储 | A data store that supports persistent and temporary storage for Pods. 支持 Pod 持久和临时存储的数据存储。 |
| Storage Orchestration 存储编排 | Automatically mounts your chosen storage system whether from local storage, network storage, or public cloud. 自动挂载您选择的存储系统，无论是本地存储、网络存储还是公共云。 |
| Pod | The smallest and simplest Kubernetes object. Represents a process running in a cluster; it also represents a single instance of an application running in a cluster. Usually, a Pod wraps a single container but, in some cases encapsulates multiple tightly coupled containers that share resources. Kubernetes 中最小和最简单的对象。表示集群中运行的进程；它还表示集群中运行的应用程序的单个实例。通常，一个 Pod 封装了一个容器，但在某些情况下封装了多个紧密耦合的容器，这些容器共享资源。 |
| Proxy 代理 | In computing, a proxy is a server that acts as an intermediary for a remote service. 在计算机科学中，代理服务器是一个充当远程服务中介的服务器。 |
| ReplicaSet 副本集 | A ReplicaSet (aims to) maintain a set of replica Pods running at any given time. 一个副本集旨在维护在任何给定时间运行的副本 Pod 集合。 |
| Workload 工作负载 | A workload is an application running on Kubernetes. 工作负载是运行在 Kubernetes 上的应用程序。 |