Module 02 · Web Infrastructure Basics and TerminologyWeb 基础设施基础和术语
Module 2 Glossary: Web Infrastructure Basics and Terminology模块 2 术语表：Web 基础设施基础和术语
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) | Intermediaries facilitate communication between web applications and external data or services, enabling the integration of functionalities from other sources. 中介机构促进网络应用与外部数据或服务之间的沟通，使其他来源的功能得以集成。 |
| Authoritative Name Server | A DNS server that holds the authoritative DNS records for a specific domain, including IP address information. 一个持有特定域的权威 DNS 记录的 DNS 服务器，包括 IP 地址信息。 |
| Client Routing | The process of directing incoming HTTP requests to the appropriate module or application on the web server to handle the specific request. 将传入的 HTTP 请求定向到 Web 服务器上适当的模块或应用程序以处理特定请求的过程。 |
| Client-Server Model | An architectural pattern where clients (e.g., web browsers) request services or data from servers, which process these requests and send back responses. 一种客户端（例如，网页浏览器）从服务器请求服务或数据，服务器处理这些请求并发送回响应的建筑模式。 |
| Cloud Computing | The delivery of computing services (including storage, processing, and networking) over the internet eliminating the need for local storage and processing. 互联网上提供计算服务（包括存储、处理和网络）消除了对本地存储和处理的必要性。 |
| Cloud Hosting | A web hosting service that uses interconnected distributed servers instead of a single physical server. 一个使用相互连接的分布式服务器而不是单个物理服务器的网站托管服务。 |
| Cookies | Small text files stored by websites for session management and personalization. 小型文本文件，由网站存储以进行会话管理和个性化。 |
| Dedicated Server Hosting | A web hosting service that provides maximum control and resources, ideal for large businesses, e-commerce sites, and those handling sensitive data. 一个提供最大控制和资源的网站托管服务，非常适合大型企业、电子商务网站以及处理敏感数据的人。 |
| DNS (Domain Name System) | A system that translates human-readable domain names into machine-readable IP addresses, allowing web browsers to locate and connect to websites. 一个将可读域名翻译为机器可读 IP 地址的系统，允许网络浏览器定位并连接到网站。 |
| DNS Resolver | A component in the DNS infrastructure that converts domain names into IP addresses and communicates with DNS servers to resolve DNS queries. DNS 基础设施中用于将域名转换为 IP 地址并与 DNS 服务器通信以解析 DNS 查询的组件。 |
| Edge Computing | A computing paradigm where data processing occurs closer to the data source (e.g., IoT devices) to reduce latency and improve response times. 一种数据处理发生在数据源（例如物联网设备）附近，以减少延迟并提高响应时间的计算范式。 |
| Encryption | The process of securing data by converting it into a code that can only be deciphered with the appropriate decryption key. 数据通过转换为只有适当的解密密钥才能解读的代码来确保安全的过程。 |
| Hybrid Cloud | A cloud architecture combines public and private cloud resources, offering scalability and control. 云架构结合了公有云和私有云资源，提供了可扩展性和控制性。 |
| Microservices | An architectural approach that breaks down applications into smaller, independent services, facilitating concurrent development and improving efficiency. 一种将应用程序分解为更小、独立的服务的建筑方法，便于并行开发并提高效率。 |
| Port Number | A numeric identifier is assigned to a specific process or service on a computer or server used for communication over the network. 一个数字标识符被分配给用于网络通信的计算机或服务器上的特定进程或服务。 |
| Queuing Algorithms | Methods or strategies used to manage and control the order in which tasks, processes, or requests are processed in a queue. 方法或策略，用于管理和控制任务、流程或请求在队列中处理的顺序。 |
| Recursive Resolution | A DNS resolution process where the DNS resolver queries multiple DNS servers, including root and TLD servers, to ultimately obtain the IP address for a domain. 一个 DNS 解析过程，其中 DNS 解析器查询多个 DNS 服务器，包括根服务器和顶级域名服务器，以最终获取域名的 IP 地址。 |
| Rendering Engines | Software components in web browsers that interpret HTML, CSS, and JavaScript code to display web content. 软件组件在网页浏览器中解释 HTML、CSS 和 JavaScript 代码以显示网页内容。 |
| Root Servers | The top-level servers in the DNS hierarchy that maintain information about top-level domain names (e.g., .com, .net, .org). 顶级 DNS 层次结构中维护顶级域名（例如 .com、.net、.org）信息的服务器。 |
| Secure Shell (SSH) | A widely used protocol for secure remote communication between computers, providing authentication and encrypted data transfer. 一种广泛使用的计算机之间安全远程通信协议，提供身份验证和加密数据传输。 |
| Serverless Architecture | An architecture that simplifies server management by relying on platforms like AWS Lambda, Azure Functions, and Google Cloud Functions to handle backend tasks, allowing developers to focus on writing code. 一种通过依赖 AWS Lambda、Azure Functions 和 Google Cloud Functions 等平台来处理后端任务，从而简化服务器管理的架构，使开发者能够专注于编写代码。 |
| Serverless Computing | A cloud computing model where developers focus on writing code, and the cloud provider manages infrastructure, reducing operational overhead. 云计算模型，开发者专注于编写代码，云服务提供商管理基础设施，降低运营成本。 |
| Server-side Scripting Languages | Programming languages (e.g., PHP, Python, Ruby) used on web servers to generate dynamic content for web pages. 编程语言（例如，PHP、Python、Ruby）用于在 Web 服务器上生成网页的动态内容。 |
| Server-side Storage | Storing data on remote servers managed by external providers. 存储在由外部提供商管理的远程服务器上的数据。 |
| Shared Hosting | A web hosting service involves hosting multiple websites on a single server and sharing resources. 网站托管服务涉及在单个服务器上托管多个网站并共享资源。 |
| Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) | An internet protocol responsible for transmitting emails from one mail server to another and routing outgoing emails. 一种负责将电子邮件从一台邮件服务器传输到另一台并路由发出的电子邮件的互联网协议。 |
| Single-Page Applications (SPAs) | Web applications that dynamically update content on a single page to provide smoother and more responsive user interactions. Frameworks like AngularJS, ReactJS, and Ember.js are commonly used for SPAs. 网页应用程序，可以在单个页面上动态更新内容，以提供更流畅和更响应式的用户体验。AngularJS、ReactJS 和 Ember.js 等框架常用于单页应用（SPA）。 |
| SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) | A cryptographic protocol that provides secure communication over the internet, often used in HTTPS connections. 一种提供互联网上安全通信的加密协议，常用于 HTTPS 连接。 |
| Tabbed Browsing | A browser feature that allows users to open multiple web pages in separate tabs within a single browser window for efficient navigation. 浏览器功能，允许用户在单个浏览器窗口中通过单独的标签页打开多个网页，以实现高效的导航。 |
| Templating Engines | Tools or frameworks used in server-side scripting to separate logic and presentation in web page development, allowing dynamic content generation. 工具或框架用于服务器端脚本中，以在网页开发中分离逻辑和展示，允许动态内容生成。 |
| TLS (Transport Layer Security) | A successor to SSL, TLS is a cryptographic protocol that ensures secure data exchange in HTTPS connections. SSL 的继任者，TLS 是一种确保 HTTPS 连接中数据交换安全的加密协议。 |
| Top-Level Domain (TLD) Servers | DNS servers responsible for specific domain extensions (e.g., .com) and provide information about authoritative name servers for those domains. DNS 服务器负责特定域名后缀（例如.com）并提供关于这些域的权威名称服务器信息。 |
| Utility Computing | A concept that laid the groundwork for cloud computing involving sharing computing resources among users. 一个涉及用户之间共享计算资源的云计算基础概念。 |
| Virtual Hosting | A method of hosting multiple websites or domains on a single physical server, often distinguished by domain names or IP addresses. 一种在单个物理服务器上托管多个网站或域的方法，通常通过域名或 IP 地址来区分。 |
| Virtual Private Server (VPS) Hosting | A web hosting service that partitions a physical server into multiple virtual servers, each operating independently. 一个将物理服务器分割成多个虚拟服务器的网络托管服务，每个虚拟服务器独立运行。 |
| Web Hosting | The process of renting server space and resources from a provider to store website files and data, making websites accessible online. 从提供商那里租用服务器空间和资源以存储网站文件和数据，使网站能够在线访问的过程。 |
| Web Server Configuration | The process of setting up parameters and options for a web server to optimize its functionality. 设置网络服务器参数和选项的过程以优化其功能。 |