Module 01 · From Problem to Approach and From Requirements to Collection
Glossary: From Problem to Approach术语表：从问题到方法
Welcome! This alphabetized glossary contains many of the terms you'll find within this lesson. These terms are important for you to recognize when working in the industry, when participating in user groups, and when participating in other certificate programs.
欢迎！这个按字母顺序排列的术语表包含了本课程中许多你将遇到的术语。这些术语对于你在行业内工作、参与用户组以及参与其他证书项目时识别它们非常重要。
| Term 术语 | Definition 定义 |
|---|---|
| Analytic Approach 分析方法 | The process of selecting the appropriate method or path to address a specific data science question or problem. 选择适当的方法或路径来解决特定的数据科学问题或问题的过程。 |
| Analytics 分析学 | The systematic analysis of data using statistical, mathematical, and computational techniques to uncover insights, patterns, and trends. 运用统计、数学和计算技术对数据进行系统分析，以揭示见解、模式和趋势。 |
| Business Understanding 商业理解 | The initial phase of data science methodology involves seeking clarification and understanding the goals, objectives, and requirements of a given task or problem. 数据科学方法论的初始阶段涉及寻求澄清和理解给定任务或问题的目标、目标和要求。 |
| Clustering Association 聚类关联 | An approach used to learn about human behavior and identify patterns and associations in data. 一种用于了解人类行为并在数据中识别模式和关联的方法。 |
| Cohort 队列 | A group of individuals who share a common characteristic or experience is studied or analyzed as a unit. 一组具有共同特征或经历的人作为一个整体被研究或分析。 |
| Cohort study 队列研究 | An observational study where a group of individuals with a specific characteristic or exposure is followed over time to determine the incidence of outcomes or the relationship between exposures and outcomes. 一种观察性研究，其中一组具有特定特征或暴露的人被随时间追踪，以确定结局的发生率或暴露与结局之间的关系。 |
| Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) 充血性心力衰竭（CHF） |
A chronic condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, resulting in fluid buildup and symptoms such as shortness of breath and fatigue. 一种慢性疾病，心脏无法泵出足够的血液以满足身体需求，导致液体积聚，并出现呼吸困难、疲劳等症状。 |
| CRISP-DM | Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining is a widely used methodology for data mining and analytics projects encompassing six phases: business understanding, data understanding, data preparation, modeling, evaluation, and deployment. 跨行业数据挖掘标准流程是一种广泛使用的数据挖掘和分析项目方法论，包含六个阶段：业务理解、数据理解、数据准备、建模、评估和部署。 |
| Data analysis 数据分析 | The process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data to discover useful information, draw conclusions, and support decision-making. 数据检查、清洗、转换和建模的过程，以发现有用信息、得出结论并支持决策。 |
| Data cleansing 数据清洗 | The process of identifying and correcting or removing errors, inconsistencies, or inaccuracies in a dataset to improve its quality and reliability 识别和纠正或删除数据集中的错误、不一致或不准确性的过程，以提高其质量和可靠性 |
| Data science 数据科学 | An interdisciplinary field that combines scientific methods, processes, algorithms, and systems to extract knowledge and insights from structured and unstructured data. 一个跨学科领域，结合科学方法、流程、算法和系统，从结构化和非结构化数据中提取知识和见解。 |
| Data science methodology 数据科学方法论 | A structured approach to solving business problems using data analysis and data-driven insights. 一种使用数据分析和数据驱动见解解决商业问题的结构化方法。 |
| Data scientist 数据科学家 | A professional using scientific methods, algorithms, and tools to analyze data, extract insights, and develop models or solutions to complex business problems. 一个专业人士使用科学方法、算法和工具来分析数据、提取洞见，并开发模型或解决方案以解决复杂的商业问题。 |
| Data scientists 数据科学家 | Professionals with data science and analytics expertise who apply their skills to solve business problems. 具备数据科学和分析专业知识的专业人士，他们运用自己的技能来解决商业问题。 |
| Data-Driven Insights 数据驱动洞见 | Insights derived from analyzing and interpreting data to inform decision-making 从分析和解释数据中得出的见解，以指导决策 |
| Decision tree 决策树 | A supervised machine learning algorithm that uses a tree-like structure of decisions and their possible consequences to make predictions or classify instances. 一种监督机器学习算法，它使用决策及其可能结果的树状结构来进行预测或对实例进行分类。 |
| Decision Tree Classification Model 决策树分类模型 |
A model that uses a tree-like structure to classify data based on conditions and thresholds provides predicted outcomes and associated probabilities. 一个基于条件和阈值使用树状结构对数据进行分类的模型提供预测结果和相关概率。 |
| Decision Tree Classifier 决策树分类器 | A classification model that uses a decision tree to determine outcomes based on specific conditions and thresholds. 一个使用决策树根据特定条件和阈值确定结果的分类模型。 |
| Decision-Tree Model 决策树模型 | A model used to review scenarios and identify relationships in data, such as the reasons for patient readmissions 一个用于审查场景并识别数据中关系的模型，例如患者再入院的原因 |
| Descriptive approach 描述性方法 | An approach used to show relationships and identify clusters of similar activities based on events and preferences 一种基于事件和偏好展示关系并识别相似活动集群的方法 |
| Descriptive modeling 描述性建模 | Modeling technique that focuses on describing and summarizing data, often through statistical analysis and visualization, without making predictions or inferences 建模技术，专注于描述和总结数据，通常通过统计分析与可视化实现，而不进行预测或推断 |
| Domain knowledge 领域知识 | Expertise and understanding of a specific subject area or field, including its concepts, principles, and relevant data 对特定学科领域或领域的专业知识和理解，包括其概念、原理及相关数据 |
| Goals and objectives 目标与宗旨 | The sought-after outcomes and specific objectives that support the overall goal of the task or problem. 所追求的成果和具体目标，它们支持任务或问题的总体目标。 |
| Iteration 迭代 | A single cycle or repetition of a process often involves refining or modifying a solution based on feedback or new information. 一个过程的一个周期或重复，通常涉及根据反馈或新信息对解决方案进行改进或修改。 |
| Iterative process 迭代过程 | A process that involves repeating a series of steps or actions to refine and improve a solution or analysis. Each iteration builds upon the previous one. 一个涉及重复一系列步骤或行动以精炼和改进解决方案或分析的过程。每次迭代都建立在先前的基础上。 |
| Leaf 叶 | The final nodes of a decision tree where data is categorized into specific outcomes. 决策树的最终节点，数据在此被分类为特定结果。 |
| Machine Learning 机器学习 | A field of study that enables computers to learn from data without being explicitly programmed, identifying hidden relationships and trends. 一个研究领域，使计算机能够在未经显式编程的情况下从数据中学习，识别隐藏的关系和趋势。 |
| Mean 均值 | The average value of a set of numbers is calculated by summing all the values and dividing by the total number of values. 一组数值的平均值是通过将所有数值相加然后除以数值的总个数来计算的。 |
| Median 中位数 | When arranged in ascending or descending order, the middle value in a set of numbers divides the data into two equal halves. 当一组数值按升序或降序排列时，位于中间的数值将数据分为两个相等的部分。 |
| Model (Conceptual model) 模型（概念模型） | A simplified representation or abstraction of a real-world system or phenomenon used to understand, analyze, or predict its behavior. 对现实世界系统或现象的简化表示或抽象，用于理解、分析或预测其行为。 |
| Model building 模型构建 | The process of developing predictive models to gain insights and make informed decisions based on data analysis. 通过数据分析开发预测模型，以获取洞察并做出明智决策的过程。 |
| Pairwise comparison (correlation) 成对比较（相关性） |
A statistical technique that measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables by calculating a correlation coefficient. 一种通过计算相关系数来衡量两个变量之间线性关系强度和方向的统计技术。 |
| Pattern 模式 | A recurring or noticeable arrangement or sequence in data can provide insights or be used for prediction or classification. 数据中反复出现或显著的排列或序列可以提供洞察力，或用于预测或分类。 |
| Predictive model 预测模型 | A model used to determine probabilities of an action or outcome based on historical data. 基于历史数据用于确定某个行为或结果概率的模型。 |
| Predictors 预测因子 | Variables or features in a model that are used to predict or explain the outcome variable or target variable. 模型中用于预测或解释结果变量或目标变量的变量或特征。 |
| Prioritization 优先级 | The process of organizing objectives and tasks based on their importance and impact on the overall goal. 根据其重要性和对整体目标的影响来组织目标和任务的过程。 |
| Problem solving 问题解决 | The process of addressing challenges and finding solutions to achieve desired outcomes. 处理挑战并找到解决方案以实现预期结果的过程。 |
| Stakeholders 利益相关者 | Individuals or groups with a vested interest in the data science model's outcome and its practical application, such as solution owners, marketing, application developers, and IT administration. 对 data science 模型的结果及其实际应用具有切身利益的个人或团体，例如解决方案所有者、市场营销部门、应用程序开发者和 IT 管理部门。 |
| Standard deviation 标准差 | A measure of the dispersion or variability of a set of values from their mean; It provides information about the spread or distribution of the data. 衡量一组数值与其均值之间离散程度或变异性的指标；它提供了关于数据分布或散布情况的信息。 |
| Statistical analysis 统计分析 | Stand deviations are applied to problems that require counts, such as yes/no answers or classification tasks. 标准差应用于需要计数的场合，例如是/否回答或分类任务。 |
| Statistics 统计学 | The collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data to understand patterns, relationships, and variability in the data. 收集、分析、解释、展示和组织数据，以理解数据中的模式、关系和变异性。 |
| Structured data (data model) 结构化数据（数据模型） |
Data organized and formatted according to a predefined schema or model and is typically stored in databases or spreadsheets. 按照预定义的模式或架构进行组织和格式化的数据，通常存储在数据库或电子表格中。 |
| Text analysis data mining 文本分析数据挖掘 |
The process of extracting useful information or knowledge from unstructured textual data through techniques such as natural language processing, text mining, and sentiment analysis. 通过自然语言处理、文本挖掘和情感分析等技术，从非结构化文本数据中提取有用信息或知识的过程。 |
| Threshold value 阈值 | The specific value used to split data into groups or categories in a decision tree. 在决策树中将数据分割成组或类别的特定值。 |