Coursera 笔记

Module 04 · Final Project: Working with NoSQL Databases

Glossary: Introduction to NoSQL术语表：NoSQL 简介

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Welcome! This alphabetized glossary contains many of the terms you'll find within this course. This comprehensive glossary also includes additional industry-recognized terms not used in course videos. These terms are important for you to recognize when working in the industry, participating in user groups, and participating in other certificate programs.
欢迎！这个按字母顺序排列的术语表包含了您在本课程中会发现的大量术语。这个全面的术语表还包括了课程视频中未使用的、行业认可的术语。这些术语对于您在行业内工作、参与用户组以及参与其他认证项目时都非常重要。

Term  术语 Definition  定义
ACID This term is an acronym for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability, which is a set of properties that guarantee reliable processing of database transactions in traditional relational databases.
这个术语是 Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability 的缩写，它是一组保证传统关系型数据库中数据库事务可靠处理的属性。
Aggregation  聚合 Aggregation is the process of summarizing and computing data values.
聚合是指对数据值进行汇总和计算的过程。
Aggregation pipeline  聚合管道 The aggregation pipeline in MongoDB allows for data transformation and processing using a series of stages, including filtering, grouping, sorting, and projecting. The aggregation pipeline is a powerful tool for expressive data manipulation.
MongoDB 中的聚合管道允许使用一系列阶段对数据进行转换和处理，包括过滤、分组、排序和投影。聚合管道是表达数据操作功能强大的工具。
Atomic  原子 In the context of database transactions, atomic means that an operation is indivisible and either completed fully or is completely rolled back. It ensures that the database remains in a consistent state.
在数据库事务的上下文中，原子性意味着一个操作是不可分割的，要么完全完成，要么完全回滚。它确保数据库保持一致状态。
Availability  可用性 Availability in Cassandra, and in the context of CAP, is the system's ability to remain operational and responsive even in the presence of failures. Availability is a fundamental aspect of distributed systems.
在 Cassandra 中，以及在 CAP 的上下文中，可用性是指系统在存在故障时仍能保持运行和响应的能力。可用性是分布式系统的一个基本方面。
B+ Tree  B+树 The B+ Tree is a data structure commonly used in database indexing to efficiently store and retrieve data based on ordered keys.
B+树是一种常用于数据库索引的数据结构，能够基于有序键高效地存储和检索数据。
BASE An alternative to ACID. Stands for basically available, soft state, eventually consistent. BASE allows for greater system availability and scalability, sacrificing strict consistency in favor of performance.
ACID 的替代方案。代表基本可用、软状态、最终一致性。BASE 允许更高的系统可用性和可扩展性，以性能为代价牺牲了严格的一致性。
Basically available  基本上可用 A basically available system remains operational even in the presence of failures or faults.
一个基本可用的系统即使在存在故障或错误的情况下也能保持运行。
Bigtable A NoSQL database system developed by Google, designed for handling large amounts of data and providing high performance, scalability, and fault tolerance.
由 Google 开发的一种 NoSQL 数据库系统，设计用于处理大量数据，并提供高性能、可扩展性和容错能力。
BSON Binary JSON, or BSON, is a binary-encoded serialization format used for its efficient data storage and retrieval. BSON is similar to JSON but designed for compactness and speed.
二进制 JSON，或称 BSON，是一种用于高效数据存储和检索的二进制编码序列化格式。BSON 与 JSON 类似，但设计更为紧凑和快速。
Caching  缓存 The temporary storage of frequently accessed data in high-speed memory reduces the need to fetch the data from the primary storage, which can significantly improve response times.
高速缓存中频繁访问数据的临时存储减少了从主存储器获取数据的需求，这可以显著提高响应时间。
CAP CAP is a theorem that highlights the trade-offs in distributed systems, including NoSQL databases. CAP theorem states that in the event of a network partition (P), a distributed system can choose to prioritize either consistency (C) or availability (A). Achieving both consistency and availability simultaneously during network partitions is challenging.
CAP 是一个强调分布式系统（包括 NoSQL 数据库）中权衡的定理。CAP 定理指出，在网络分区（P）的情况下，分布式系统可以选择优先考虑一致性（C）或可用性（A）。在网络分区期间同时实现一致性和可用性是具有挑战性的。
Cluster  集群 A group of interconnected servers or nodes that work together to store and manage data in a NoSQL database, providing high availability and fault tolerance.
一组相互连接的服务器或节点，协同工作以在 NoSQL 数据库中存储和管理数据，提供高可用性和容错能力。
Clustering key  聚类键 A clustering key is a primary key component that determines the order of data within a partition.
聚类键是决定分区中数据顺序的主键组件。
Code-first  先代码 Code-first refers to a development approach where developers create the application code first and let the code define the database schema. In MongoDB, this means that the schema is flexible and adapts to evolving application needs.
先代码后模型指的是一种开发方法，开发者首先创建应用程序代码，并由代码定义数据库模式。在 MongoDB 中，这意味着模式是灵活的，能够适应不断变化的应用需求。
Collection  集合 In MongoDB, a collection is a group of MongoDB documents. Collections are analogous to tables in a relational database and store related data documents in a schema-free, JSON-like format.
在 MongoDB 中，集合是一组 MongoDB 文档。集合类似于关系数据库中的表，并以无模式、类似 JSON 的格式存储相关的数据文档。
Column database  列式数据库 A NoSQL database model that stores data in column families rather than tables, making it suitable for storing and querying vast amounts of data with high scalability. Examples include Apache Cassandra and HBase.
一种 NoSQL 数据库模型，它以列族而不是表格的形式存储数据，适用于存储和查询大量数据，具有高可扩展性。例如 Apache Cassandra 和 HBase。
Consistency  一致性 In the context of CAP, consistency refers to the guarantee that all nodes in a distributed system have the same data at the same time.
在 CAP 的背景下，一致性指的是保证分布式系统中的所有节点在同一时间拥有相同数据。
Consistent  一致的 The action of being consistent ensures that a database transaction transforms the database from one consistent state to another.
保持一致性的行为确保数据库事务将数据库从一个一致状态转换到另一个一致状态。
CQL Cassandra Query Language, known as CQL, is a SQL-like language used for querying and managing data in Cassandra.
Cassandra 查询语言，简称 CQL，是一种类似 SQL 的语言，用于查询和管理 Cassandra 中的数据。
CQL shell The CQL shell is a command-line interface for interacting with Cassandra databases using the CQL language.
CQL shell 是使用 CQL 语言与 Cassandra 数据库交互的命令行界面。
CRUD CRUD is an acronym for create, read, update, and delete, which are the basic operations for interacting with and manipulating data in a database.
CRUD 是创建、读取、更新和删除的缩写，是数据库中与数据交互和操作的基本操作。
Database  数据库 A database in MongoDB is a logical container for one or more collections. It provides an isolation mechanism for collections and their associated data.
在 MongoDB 中，数据库是一个逻辑容器，用于存储一个或多个集合。它为集合及其相关数据提供了隔离机制。
DBaaS Stands for database as a service, a cloud-based service that provides managed database hosting, maintenance, and scalability, allowing users to focus on application development without managing the database infrastructure.
数据库即服务，一种基于云的服务，提供托管数据库托管、维护和可扩展性，使用户能够专注于应用程序开发，而无需管理数据库基础设施。
Decentralized  去中心化 Decentralized means there is no single point of control or failure. Data is distributed across multiple nodes or servers in a decentralized manner.
去中心化意味着没有单一的控制点或故障点。数据以去中心化的方式分布在多个节点或服务器上。
Denormalized  非规范化 Denormalization is a database design technique used in NoSQL databases (and sometimes in traditional relational databases) where redundant or duplicate data is intentionally introduced into one or more tables to improve query performance and reduce the need for complex joins.
反规范化是一种数据库设计技术，用于 NoSQL 数据库（有时也用于传统关系型数据库），通过有意在单个或多个表中引入冗余或重复数据来提高查询性能，并减少对复杂连接的需求。
Document  文档 A NoSQL database model that stores data in semi-structured documents, often in formats like JSON or BSON. These documents can vary in structure and are typically grouped within collections.
一种存储半结构化文档的 NoSQL 数据库模型，文档通常以 JSON 或 BSON 格式存储。这些文档的结构可以不同，并且通常分组存储在集合中。
Durable  持久性 Guarantees that once a transaction is committed, its changes are permanent and will survive any system failures.
确保一旦事务提交，其更改将永久保存，并能经受任何系统故障。
Dynamic table  动态表格 A dynamic table allows flexibility in the columns that the database can hold.
一个动态表允许数据库在列上具有灵活性。
Election  选举 In a MongoDB replica set, an election is the process of selecting a new primary node when the current primary becomes unavailable.
在 MongoDB 副本集中，选举是指当当前主节点不可用时，选择一个新的主节点的过程。
Eventually consistent  最终一致性 An eventually consistent system reaches a consistent state, where all nodes have the same data given that there are no new updates.
一个最终一致性系统达到一致状态，在没有新的更新时，所有节点都具有相同的数据。
Expressive querying  表达性查询 Expressive querying refers to the ability to write complex and flexible queries that address data retrieval and manipulation needs, often facilitated by MongoDB's query language and aggregation framework.
表达式查询是指编写复杂且灵活的查询以应对数据检索和操作需求的能力，通常由 MongoDB 的查询语言和聚合框架支持。
Extract, transform, and load (ETL)
抽取、转换和加载（ETL）		 A process of extracting data from its sources, transforming the data into a business-usable format, and then loading the data into a target database, often used with MongoDB for data integration.
一种从数据源中抽取数据、将数据转换为业务可用格式，然后将数据加载到目标数据库中的过程，通常用于 MongoDB 的数据集成。
Graph database  图数据库 A NoSQL database model optimized for storing and querying data with complex relationships, represented as nodes and edges. Examples include Neo4j and OrientDB.
一种针对存储和查询具有复杂关系的数据的 NoSQL 数据库模型，以节点和边表示。例如 Neo4j 和 OrientDB。
High availability (HA)  高可用性（HA） High availability (HA) in MongoDB refers to the ability of the database system to maintain near-continuous operation and data accessibility, even in the face of hardware failures or other issues. High availability is often achieved through features like replication and failover.
MongoDB 中的高可用性（HA）是指数据库系统在硬件故障或其他问题面前仍能保持近乎持续运行和数据可访问的能力。高可用性通常通过复制和故障转移等功能实现。
Horizontal scaling  水平扩展 The process of adding more machines or nodes to a NoSQL database to improve its performance and capacity. This is typically achieved through techniques like sharding.
向 NoSQL 数据库添加更多机器或节点以提升其性能和容量的过程。这通常通过分片等技术实现。
Idempotent changes  幂等变更 Idempotent operations are those that can be safely repeated multiple times without changing the result. MongoDB encourages idempotent operations to ensure data consistency.
幂等操作是指可以安全地重复多次而不改变结果的操作。MongoDB 鼓励使用幂等操作以确保数据一致性。
Indexing  索引 The creation of data structures that improve query performance by allowing the database to quickly locate specific records based on certain fields or columns.
构建数据结构以提高查询性能，通过允许数据库根据特定字段或列快速定位特定记录。
Isolated  隔离 Isolation refers to the property that multiple transactions can run concurrently without affecting each other.
隔离是指多个事务可以并发运行而不相互影响的特性。
Joins  连接 Combining data from two or more database tables based on a related column between them.
基于它们之间相关列将两个或多个数据库表中的数据结合起来。
JSON JSON is an acronym for JavaScript Object Notation, a lightweight data-interchange format used in NoSQL databases and other data systems. JSON is human-readable and easy for machines to parse.
JSON 是 JavaScript Object Notation 的缩写，是一种轻量级的数据交换格式，用于 NoSQL 数据库和其他数据系统。JSON 是人类可读的，并且易于机器解析。
Keyspace  键空间 A keyspace in Cassandra is the highest-level organizational unit for data, similar to a database in traditional relational databases.
在 Cassandra 中，键空间是数据的最高级组织单元，类似于传统关系数据库中的数据库。
Key-value  键值对 A NoSQL database model that stores data as key-value pairs. It's a simple and efficient way to store and retrieve data where each key is associated with a value.
一种 NoSQL 数据库模型，将数据存储为键值对。这是一种简单且高效的方式来存储和检索数据，其中每个键都与一个值相关联。
Lightweight transactions
轻量级事务		 Lightweight transactions provide stronger consistency guarantees for specific operations, though they are more resource-intensive than regular operations.
轻量级事务为特定操作提供更强的容错保证，尽管它们比常规操作更耗费资源。
mongo shell The MongoDB shell, known as mongo shell, is an interactive command-line interface that allows users to interact with a MongoDB server using JavaScript-like commands. The mongo shell is a versatile tool for administration and data manipulation.
MongoDB shell（简称 mongo shell）是一个交互式命令行界面，允许用户使用类似 JavaScript 的命令与 MongoDB 服务器进行交互。mongo shell 是一个用于管理和数据操作的通用工具。
MongoClient MongoClient is the official MongoDB driver that provides a connection to a MongoDB server and allows developers to interact with the database in various programming languages.
MongoClient 是 MongoDB 的官方驱动程序，它提供与 MongoDB 服务器的连接，并允许开发者在各种编程语言中与数据库进行交互。
MQL MongoDB Query Language is a query language specific to MongoDB used to retrieve and manipulate data in the database.
MongoDB 查询语言是特定于 MongoDB 的查询语言，用于检索和操作数据库中的数据。
Normalized  标准化 A database design practice where data is organized to minimize redundancy and maintain data integrity by breaking it into separate tables and forming relationships between them.
一种数据库设计实践，通过将数据分解到不同的表中并建立它们之间的关系，以最小化冗余并维护数据完整性。
NoSQL NoSQL stands for "not only SQL." A type of database that provides storage and retrieval of data that is modeled in ways other than the traditional relational tabular databases.
NoSQL 代表"不仅仅是 SQL"。一种数据库类型，它提供的数据存储和检索方式不同于传统的关系型表格数据库。
Operational data  操作数据 Operational data in MongoDB refers to the data that the application actively uses and manipulates, as opposed to historical or archived data.
MongoDB 中的操作数据是指应用程序积极使用和操作的数据，而不是历史数据或归档数据。
Oplog The Oplog is a special collection that records all write operations in a primary node. It is used to replicate data to secondary nodes and recover from failures.
Oplog 是一个特殊的集合，用于记录主节点中的所有写操作。它用于将数据复制到从节点并从故障中恢复。
Partition key  分区键 The partition key is a component of the primary key and determines how data is distributed across nodes in a cluster.
分区键是主键的一个组成部分，决定了数据如何在集群中的节点之间分布。
Partition tolerance  分区容错 In the context of CAP, partition tolerance is the ability of a distributed system to continue functioning even when network partitions or communication failures occur.
在 CAP 理论中，分区容错性是指分布式系统在发生网络分区或通信故障时仍能继续运行的能力。
Partitions  分区 Partitions in Cassandra are the fundamental unit of data storage. Data is distributed across nodes and organized into partitions based on the partition key.
在 Cassandra 中，分区是数据存储的基本单元。数据会根据分区键分布在节点之间并组织成分区。
Peer-to-peer  点对点 The term peer-to-peer refers to the overall Cassandra architecture. In Cassandra, each node in the cluster has equal status and communicates directly with other nodes without relying on a central coordinator. If a primary node fails, another node automatically becomes the primary node.
对等网络是指 Cassandra 整体架构。在 Cassandra 中，集群中的每个节点具有同等地位，并直接与其他节点通信，而不依赖于中央协调器。如果主节点发生故障，另一个节点将自动成为主节点。
Primary node  主节点 In a MongoDB replica set, the primary node is the active, writable node that processes all write operations.
在 MongoDB 副本集中，主节点是活跃的可写节点，处理所有写操作。
Primary key  主键 The primary key consists of one or more columns that uniquely identify rows in a table. The primary key includes a partition key and, optionally, clustering columns.
主键由一个或多个列组成，用于唯一标识表中的行。主键包括分区键，并且可选地包括聚簇列。
Replicas  副本 Replicas in Cassandra refer to the copies of data distributed across nodes.
在 Cassandra 中，副本指的是跨节点分布的数据副本。
Replication  复制 Replication involves creating and maintaining copies of data on multiple nodes to ensure data availability, reduce data loss, fault tolerance (improve system resilience), and provide read scalability.
复制涉及在多个节点上创建和维护数据副本，以确保数据可用性、减少数据丢失、容错性（提高系统弹性）以及提供读扩展性。
Replication factor  复制因子 The replication factor specifies the number of copies of data that should be stored for fault tolerance.
复制因子指定了为容错而应存储的数据副本数量。
Replication lag  复制延迟 Replication lag refers to the delay in data replication from a primary node to its secondary nodes in a replica set. Replication lag can impact the consistency of secondary data.
复制延迟是指主节点向副本集中的次节点复制数据时的延迟。复制延迟会影响次节点数据的 consistency。
Replication strategy  复制策略 The replication strategy determines how data is copied across nodes.
复制策略决定了数据如何在节点间复制。
Scalability  可扩展性 Scalability is the ability to add more nodes to the cluster to handle increased data and traffic.
可扩展性是指向集群中添加更多节点以处理增加的数据和流量。
Secondary  从节点 Secondary nodes replicate data from the primary and can be used for read-operations.
次节点从主节点复制数据，可用于读操作。
Secondary indexes  次级索引 Secondary indexes allow you to query data based on non-primary key columns.
次级索引允许您根据非主键列查询数据。
Sharding  分片 Refers to the practice of partitioning a database into smaller, more manageable pieces called shards to distribute data across multiple servers. Sharding helps with horizontal scaling.
指将数据库划分为更小、更易于管理的片段，称为分片，以将数据分布在多个服务器上。分片有助于水平扩展。
Soft state  软状态 A soft state acknowledges that the system's state might be transiently inconsistent due to factors like network partitions or concurrent updates. And it's willing to accept a certain level of inconsistency or uncertainty in the data temporarily.
一种软状态承认由于网络分区或并发更新等因素，系统的状态可能会暂时不一致。并且它愿意暂时接受数据中一定程度的不一致性或不确定性。
Static table  静态表格 A static table has a fixed set of columns for each row.
静态表格的每一行都有固定的一组列。
Table  表格 A table is a collection of related data organized into rows and columns.
表格是将相关数据组织成行和列的集合。
Transactions  事务 Transactions are sequences of database operations (such as reading and writing data) that are treated as a single, indivisible unit.
事务是一系列数据库操作（如读取和写入数据），它们被视为一个单一、不可分割的单位。
TTL Stands for "Time to Live," which is a setting in NoSQL databases that determines how long a piece of data should be retained before it's automatically removed from the database.
代表"生存时间"，是 NoSQL 数据库中的一个设置，用于确定数据在自动从数据库中删除之前应保留多长时间。
Unstructured data  非结构化数据 Unstructured data in MongoDB is data that does not adhere to a fixed schema. MongoDB allows for flexible and unstructured data storage, making MongoDB suitable for semi-structured or rapidly changing data.
MongoDB 中的非结构化数据是指不遵循固定模式的数据。MongoDB 允许灵活和非结构化数据存储，使得 MongoDB 适合半结构化或快速变化的数据。
Vertical scaling  垂直扩展 Vertical scaling involves upgrading the resources (For example, CPU and RAM) of existing machines to improve performance.
垂直扩展涉及升级现有机器的资源（例如 CPU 和 RAM）以提高性能。
XML Stands for Extensible Markup Language, another data interchange format used in some NoSQL databases. It's also human-readable and can represent structured data.
表示可扩展标记语言，是某些 NoSQL 数据库中使用的另一种数据交换格式。它也是人类可读的，并且可以表示结构化数据。