Coursera 笔记

Module 04 · Basics of Cosmetic Formulation

Recalls in Cosmetics化妆品召回

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What Is a Recall?  什么是召回？

What happens when a manufacturer or the FDA identifies that a product released to the market may be defective or contaminated? A product recall process is put in place. It’s a public call urging consumers to return the product for safety reasons (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). The primary purpose of a recall is to protect the consumer from products that could cause harm. In the cosmetic industry, where products are applied directly to the skin, hair, and even near sensitive areas like the eyes, the defective product can seriously impact someone’s health and wellness. 
当制造商或美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）认定市场上投放的产品可能存在缺陷或污染时会发生什么？此时会启动产品召回程序。这是一种公开呼吁，要求消费者因安全原因退货（Merriam-Webster，n.d.）。召回的主要目的是保护消费者免受可能造成伤害的产品。在化妆品行业，产品直接应用于皮肤、头发，甚至靠近眼睛等敏感区域，因此缺陷产品可能严重影响某人的健康和福祉。

Here’s a hair-raising statistic: Between 2002 and 2016, baby products were the largest category of products recalled in the USA! That’s right, 76 of the 313 recalled products were used for infant care (Janetos et al., 2018).
这里有一个令人震惊的统计数据：在 2002 年至 2016 年间，美国召回的产品中，婴儿用品是最大的类别！没错，在 313 件被召回的产品中，有 76 件用于婴儿护理（Janetos 等人，2018）。

Quite often, it is even dermatologists who report defective products. “Dermatologists have the ability to strengthen public safety by reporting adverse events, encouraging recalls of harmful products.” (Janetos et al., 2018)
通常，甚至皮肤科医生也会报告缺陷产品。“皮肤科医生通过报告不良事件，能够加强公共安全，促使召回有害产品。”（Janetos 等人，2018）

Why Recalls Happen  为何会发生召回

Recalls in the cosmetic industry can occur for various reasons. Microbial contamination is one of the most common occurrences. Microbial contamination happens when harmful bacteria, yeast, or molds come into contact with cosmetic products. These contaminants can be a serious health risk, especially in products applied to the skin, potentially leading to infections or allergic reactions. Cosmetic manufacturers emphasize effective product preservation, hygienic manufacturing practices, and rigorous testing protocols to prevent such contamination. 
化妆品行业的召回可能由多种原因引起。微生物污染是最常见的现象之一。微生物污染是指有害细菌、酵母或霉菌与化妆品接触时发生的情况。这些污染物可能构成严重的健康风险，尤其是在应用于皮肤的产品中，可能导致感染或过敏反应。化妆品制造商强调有效的产品防腐、卫生的生产实践以及严格的测试规程，以防止此类污染。

Other reasons for recalls include the use of unapproved colorants, which may pose health risks, labeling issues, and skin irritation. Labeling issues can range from incorrect ingredient lists to misleading claims, which can lead to misuse or allergic reactions. Skin irritation, on the other hand, can result from certain ingredients that have degraded or because of pH extremes. 
召回的其他原因包括使用未经批准的着色剂，这可能带来健康风险、标签问题和皮肤刺激。标签问题可能从错误的成分清单到误导性声明不等，可能导致误用或过敏反应。另一方面，皮肤刺激可能是由某些成分降解引起的，或是由于 pH 值极端。

How to Prevent Recalls  如何预防召回

Cosmetic manufacturers are well aware of the stakes involved. Quality control procedures are implemented to avoid the risk of recalls as far as possible. These comprehensive checks and balances are designed to identify potential issues before the product reaches the consumer. Even a minor oversight can lead to significant problems, so you want to look at everything.
化妆品制造商非常清楚其中的利害关系。他们实施质量控制程序，尽可能避免召回风险。这些全面的检查和制衡机制旨在在产品到达消费者之前识别潜在问题。即使是微小的疏忽也可能导致严重问题，因此需要审视所有细节。

They are investing in advanced quality control technologies and procedures, training for staff, and continuous monitoring of products throughout the manufacturing process. They make an effort to reduce the risk of major product recalls, thereby safeguarding the company’s reputation and, more importantly, the health and well-being of the consumer.
他们正在投资先进的质量控制技术和程序，对员工进行培训，并在整个制造过程中对产品进行持续监控。他们努力降低重大产品召回的风险，从而保护公司的声誉，更重要的是，保障消费者的健康和安全。

Key Takeaways  主要收获

Product recalls in the cosmetic industry highlight the essential nature of quality control and preventive measures. These recalls serve as reminders of the need for continuous vigilance in manufacturing practices, ensuring that the cosmetics reaching the market are effective and, above all, safe for consumer use.
化妆品行业的召回事件突显了质量控制及预防措施的重要性。这些召回提醒我们，在制造实践中需要保持持续的警惕，确保进入市场的化妆品不仅有效，而且最重要的是对消费者安全无害。

References:  参考文献：