Module 06 · Relationship Satisfaction and Dissolution关系满意度与解体
Key Takeaways: Relationship Satisfaction and Dissolution学习要点：关系满意度与解体
Key Terms 关键术语
Agreeableness: one of the Big Five personality traits that represents the tendency to act in a friendly, cooperative manner.
宜人性：五大人格特质之一，代表倾向于友好、合作的行为方式。
Ambivalent attachment: an attachment style in which children have both positive and negative reactions to their caregiver; adults with this attachment style are more likely to be jealous and need obvious reciprocation of love.
矛盾依恋：一种儿童对照顾者既有积极又有消极反应的依恋风格；具有这种依恋风格的人更容易嫉妒，需要明显的爱的回报。
Attachment: the emotional bond between an infant and their primary caregiver.
附件：婴儿与其主要照顾者之间的情感纽带。
Attachment theory of relationships: the theory that suggests that the attachment a person had with their primary caregiver affects that person’s adult relationships.
人际关系依恋理论：该理论认为，一个人与其主要照顾者之间的依恋关系会影响其成年后的亲密关系。
Avoidant attachment: an attachment style in which children are not distressed when their primary caregiver leaves, nor comforted when they return; adults with this attachment style tend to be less trusting of their partner.
回避型依恋：一种儿童在主要照顾者离开时不会感到困扰，在照顾者回来时也不会感到安慰的依恋风格；具有这种依恋风格的成年人往往对伴侣不太信任。
Big Five: a group of five key personality traits (extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience) that exert wide-ranging influences on thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
五大人格特质：一组对思维、情感和行为产生广泛影响的五个关键人格特征（外向性、神经质、责任心、宜人性以及经验开放性）。
Communal relationship: a relationship in which being responsive to their partner’s needs, not maximizing benefits and minimizing costs, is a person’s primary concern.
社区关系：一种以对伴侣需求做出反应、不最大化利益和最小化成本为首要关注的人的关系。
Comparison level: the expectation that a person has for the costs and benefits of their relationships.
比较水平：一个人对其关系成本和收益的期望。
Comparison level for alternative relationships (CLALT): the projected costs and benefits of relationships with other people; it is used when deciding whether to stay in or leave a relationship.
比较替代关系的水平（CL ALT ）：与其他人关系的预期成本和收益；用于决定是否维持或离开一段关系。
Conscientiousness: one of the Big Five personality traits that represents the tendency to act in a responsible, careful manner.
责任心：五大人格特质之一，代表倾向于以负责任、谨慎的方式行事。
Equity theory: the theory that people’s relationship satisfaction is determined by how closely the costs and benefits of each partner match.
公平理论：人们的关系满意度取决于每个伴侣的成本和收益是否匹配得紧密。
Exchange relationship: relationships where costs and benefits are tracked and used to determine satisfaction.
交换关系：跟踪成本和收益以确定满意度的关系。
Extraversion: one of the Big Five personality traits that represents the tendency to focus on external stimuli (e.g., other people) as opposed to internal stimuli (e.g., thoughts, memories).
外向性：五大人格特质之一，代表倾向于关注外部刺激（例如，其他人）而非内部刺激（例如，思想、记忆）。
Fatal attraction hypothesis: the hypothesis that traits that initially attract one person to another can become the traits that cause the couple to break up.
致命吸引假设：指那些最初吸引一个人对另一个人产生吸引力的特质，可能成为导致情侣分手的特质。
Investment: the amount of resources (e.g., time, energy, money) that a person puts into a relationship.
投资：个人投入关系中的资源（例如，时间、精力、金钱）的量。
Investment model: a model that suggests that commitment to their current relationship is a function of a person’s satisfaction with the relationship, the availability of alternate relationships, and their investment in the relationship.
投资模型：一种表明对当前关系的承诺是个人对关系的满意度、替代关系的可用性以及他们在关系中的投入的函数的模型。
Neuroticism: one of the Big Five personality traits that represents the tendency to experience emotional instability and have abundant negative emotions; also called negative emotionality
神经质：五大人格特质之一，代表经历情绪不稳定和拥有大量负面情绪的倾向；也称为负面情绪性.
Openness to experience: one of the Big Five personality traits that represents the tendency to seek out and enjoy new experiences and situations.
开放性是五大人格特质之一，代表着寻求和享受新经验和情境的倾向。
Phase model of relationship breakdown: a model of relationships ending that specifies five stages that relationships go through as they approach their end.
关系破裂阶段模型：一种描述关系走向终结的模型，该模型具体指出了关系在结束前经历的五个阶段。
Reversal hypothesis: the hypothesis that relationships end when the processes that led two people to become attracted to each other reverse themselves, leading to a decrease in attraction.
逆转假说：当导致两个人相互吸引的过程逆转时，关系结束，导致吸引力下降的假设。
Secure attachment: an attachment style in which infants form a trusting relationship with their primary caregiver, believing that the caregiver will be present to meet their needs.
安全依恋：婴儿与其主要照顾者之间形成信任关系的依恋风格，相信照顾者会出现在身边满足他们的需求。
Self-esteem: a person’s level of liking or disliking of themselves.
自尊：一个人对自己喜欢或不喜欢自己的程度。
Social exchange theory: a theory of relationships that suggests that people evaluate the quality of their relationships based on the benefits they provide and the costs they extract.
社会交换理论：一种关于关系的理论，该理论认为人们根据他们提供的好处和提取的成本来评估他们关系的质量。
Key Takeaways 关键要点
Here are the key takeaways from this module that will help you as you prepare for the Module Quiz:
以下是本模块的关键要点，这些要点将帮助您准备模块测验：
Social exchange theory is a mathematical model of relationships that argues that people evaluate the quality of a relationship by the benefits that that relationship gives them and the costs that the relationship requires they pay.
社会交换理论是一种关系数学模型，认为人们通过评估关系给予他们的利益以及关系要求他们付出的代价来评价关系的质量。
- If the costs and benefits of a person’s actual relationship are better than their comparison level (their expectations about the costs and benefits of a relationship), they will be satisfied with their relationship. If they are lower than their comparison level, they will be dissatisfied.
如果一个人的实际关系的成本和收益优于他们的比较水平（他们对关系的成本和收益的期望），他们将对自己的关系感到满意。如果它们低于他们的比较水平，他们将感到不满意。 - If the costs and benefits of a person’s actual relationship do not meet their comparison level for alternative relationships (CLALT; their expectations of the costs and benefits of other potential relationships), they may leave their current relationship for the alternative relationship.
如果一个人的实际关系的成本和收益未达到他们对替代关系的比较水平（CL ALT ；他们对其他潜在关系的成本和收益的期望），他们可能会离开当前关系选择替代关系。 - If comparison levels or comparison levels for alternative relationships are unrealistic, people’s satisfaction with a relationship and their decisions about staying in or leaving a relationship can become irrational.
如果比较水平或替代关系的比较水平不切实际，人们对关系的满意度以及他们关于留在或离开关系的决定可能会变得不合理。 - Ending relationships often has a cost associated with it. If the cost of leaving a relationship is very high, people may remain in a very unsatisfying relationship, even when other, better relationships are available.
结束关系通常伴随着一定的代价。如果离开关系的代价非常高，人们可能会继续处于一个非常不满意的关系中，即使有其他更好的关系可供选择。
The way the investment model of relationships represents relationships is very similar to social exchange theory. However, it adds the idea of investments—resources such as money and time—that people have put into a relationship as variables that increase their commitment to the relationship.
关系投资模型所代表的关系方式与社交交换理论非常相似。然而，它增加了投资的概念——如金钱和时间等资源，人们将这些资源投入到关系中，作为增加他们对关系承诺的变量。
Equity theory suggests that, in addition to trying to maximize benefits and minimize the costs of relationships, people strive to be fair (equitable) in the allocations of costs and benefits so that the relationship gives each person an equivalent amount of costs and benefits.
公平理论认为，除了试图最大化关系中的利益并最小化成本外，人们还努力在成本和利益的分配上做到公平（公平性），以便关系给每个人带来等量的成本和利益。
Exchange relationships follow the dictates of social exchange theory, whereas people in communal relationships are more concerned with being responsive to their partner’s needs than costs and benefits.
交换关系遵循社会交换理论，而处于社区关系中的人更关注对伴侣需求的响应，而不是成本和收益。
- Most relationships start out as exchange relationships. If the relationship grows in intimacy, it might become communal.
大多数关系最初都是交换关系。如果关系变得更加亲密，它可能会变成共同关系。
The attachment theory of relationships states that the nature of adults’ relationships will be affected by their infant attachments—their relationships with their primary caregivers.
关系依恋理论认为，成年人的关系性质会受到他们婴儿依恋的影响——即他们与主要照顾者之间的关系。
- Secure attachments will not have any negative implications for relationships, whereas both avoidant and ambivalent attachments both have negative implications for adult relationships.
安全附件不会对关系产生任何负面影响，而回避型和矛盾型附件都会对成年期关系产生负面影响。
Personality characteristics (especially neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and self-esteem) can have positive or negative effects on relationship satisfaction.
个性特征（尤其是神经质、宜人性、责任心和自尊）可能对关系满意度产生积极或消极的影响。
Many of the determinants of initial attraction (such as similarity) can also affect relationship satisfaction.
许多初始吸引的决定因素（如相似性）也会影响关系满意度。
The reversal hypothesis of breakups suggests that the processes or attributes that lead to relationships starting reverse themselves, leading to relationships ending.
分手逆转假说认为，导致关系开始的过程或属性会逆转，从而导致关系结束。
Unlike reversal models, the fatal attraction hypothesis suggests that some relationships end because attributes that were attractive at the beginning of the relationship become less attractive as the relationship wears on, leading to the breakup.
与逆转模型不同，致命吸引力假设认为，一些关系之所以结束，是因为在关系开始时具有吸引力的属性，随着关系的持续而变得不那么吸引人，从而导致分手。
The phase model of relationship breakdown lists five stages that may occur during and after a breakup. Each of the first three stages has processes that can either increase or decrease the likelihood of a breakup.
关系破裂的阶段模型列出了在分手期间和之后可能发生的五个阶段。前三个阶段中的每一个都有可能增加或减少分手可能性的过程。
Now that you’ve finished reviewing these key takeaways, you can go back and look over the material from this module or move on to take the Module Quiz. Remember to use the information you just learned when you study for the quiz. Good luck!
现在你已经完成了这些关键点的回顾，你可以回过头来复习本模块的内容，或者继续进行模块测验。记住在学习测验时使用你刚刚学到的信息。祝你好运！