Module 07 · Course Summary课程总结
Key Terms印象形成术语
Learning Objective 2: Explain how we form impressions of other people. 学习目标 2：解释我们如何形成对他人的印象。
Understanding the following key terms will help prepare you for the cumulative quiz:
理解以下关键术语将有助于您为综合测验做好准备：
- Additive model: a model that states people form impressions by adding together trait information about a person.
附加模型：一种表明人们通过将关于一个人的特征信息相加来形成印象的模型。 - Attributions: inferences (also called educated guesses) about the causes of events.
归因：关于事件原因的推断（也称为有根据的猜测）。 - Averaging model: a model that states people form impressions by averaging trait information about a person.
平均模型：一种表示人们通过平均一个人的特征信息来形成印象的模型。 - Covariation model: a mental model proposing that we look at the patterns of people’s behavior over time to determine why they do something.
协变量模型：一种心理模型，提出我们应该观察人们在一段时间内的行为模式，以确定他们为什么这样做。 - External attribution: a conclusion we make that another person acted the way that they did because of the situation or context; also called a situational attribution.
外部归因：我们得出的结论，即另一个人之所以这样做，是因为情况或背景；也称为情境归因。 - Fundamental attribution error (FAE): the tendency to overestimate internal attributions to explain others’ behavior.
基本归因错误（FAE）：高估内部归因以解释他人行为的倾向。 - Implicit personality theory: a belief that certain traits and characteristics are more likely to occur together.
隐性行为理论：一种认为某些特质和特征更有可能同时出现的信念。 - Impression formation: the process of collecting, interpreting, and summarizing information about a person to determine what that person is like.
印象形成：收集、解释和总结关于一个人的信息，以确定这个人是什么样的过程。 - Inferences: educated guesses based on limited information. Attributions are inferences.
推论：基于有限信息的合理猜测。归属是推论。 - Information integration theory: a prescriptive theory that addresses how we can rationally combine the disparate sources of information we have about a person into an overall impression.
信息整合理论：一种规定性理论，探讨我们如何理性地将关于一个人的不同信息来源组合成一个整体印象。 - Internal attribution: a conclusion we make that another person acted the way that they did because of something about them as a person, such as their personality traits, their attitudes, or their current mood; also called a dispositional attribution.
内部归因：我们得出的结论是，另一个人之所以这样做，是因为他们作为一个人的一些特质，如他们的性格特征、态度或当前情绪；也称为性格归因。 - Negativity bias: a tendency that leads people to give more weight to negative traits than positive traits.
负面偏见：一种导致人们倾向于给予负面特质比正面特质更多重视的倾向。 - Positivity offset: the tendency to have a positive evaluation of a person before we know any information about them.
阳性偏差：在我们了解任何关于某人的信息之前，倾向于对他们进行正面评价。 - Social category: a group of people defined by common attributes that are characteristic of the group (e.g., gender, occupation).
社会类别：由具有该群体特征（例如，性别、职业）的共同属性定义的人群群体。 - Trait: a stable physical or psychological characteristic of a person.
特征：一个人稳定的生理或心理特性。