Key Takeaways印象形成要点

Learning Objective 2: Explain how we form impressions of other people. 学习目标 2：解释我们如何形成对他人的印象。

After finishing this course, you should be able to:
完成本课程后，您应该能够：

• Explain how we form impressions of other people.
  解释我们如何形成对其他人的印象。
  • Differentiate the roles of traits and categories when forming impressions of people.
    区分在形成对人的印象时特质和类别的角色。
  • Explain how the fundamental attribution error impacts our impressions of others.
    解释基本归因错误如何影响我们对他人印象的形成。
  • Detail the two different ways that information integration theory suggests we create overall evaluations.
    详细说明信息整合理论中我们创建总体评估的两种不同方式。
  • Give examples of ways that people deviate from the predictions of information integration theory.
    提供人们偏离信息整合理论预测的例子。

Learning Objective 2 Takeaways 学习目标 2 要点

• Impression formation is the process of meeting someone new and attempting to determine what that person is like.
  印象形成是遇见新的人和试图确定那个人是什么样的过程。
• We use categories and traits to mentally represent and summarize information about a person.
  • Traits are a person’s physical or psychological attributes that are stable over time. Considering a person’s traits allows us to predict their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and come up with an overall evaluation of them.
    特征是一个人在时间上稳定的生理或心理属性。考虑一个人的特征使我们能够预测他们的思想、情感和行为，并对他们进行总体评估。
  • Social categories refer to groups of people defined by common attributes that are characteristic of the group. They give us immediate information about a person—in other words, an efficient way to assume information about a person—even if we don’t have evidence of that person’s particular behaviors.
    社会类别是指由具有群体特征的共同属性定义的人群群体。它们为我们提供了关于一个人的即时信息——换句话说，这是一种高效地假设关于一个人的信息的方法——即使我们没有那个人特定行为的证据。
    • Social categories and stereotypes are conceptually the same. 
      社会类别和刻板印象在概念上是相同的。
    • Although some stereotypes are negative or inaccurate, not all are. In fact, stereotypes can provide useful information about a person.
      尽管一些刻板印象是负面的或不准确的，但并非所有都是。事实上，刻板印象可以提供关于一个人的有用信息。
• Attributions are inferences or educated guesses we make to explain the behavior of others as well as our own behavior. There are two categories of attributions: internal and external.
  归因是我们对他人以及自身行为进行解释的推断或推测。归因分为两类：内部归因和外部归因。
  • When we make internal attributions, or dispositional attributions, we point to the person as the primary cause of their behavior. These attributions might include the person’s mood, attitudes, or personality traits.
    当我们进行内部归因或性格归因时，我们将个人视为其行为的主要原因。这些归因可能包括个人的情绪、态度或性格特征。
  • When we make external attributions, or situational attributions, we point to the situation or context as the primary cause of the person’s behavior.
    当我们进行外部归因或情境归因时，我们将情境或背景视为个人行为的主要原因。
• Attributions play a key role in our relationships because they affect our decisions about people and the degree to which we like them.
  归因在我们的人际关系中起着关键作用，因为它们影响我们对人们的决策以及我们喜欢他们的程度。
  • The covariation model, a primary prescriptive model of attribution, suggests that we determine the reasons that a person exhibits a particular behavior by looking at the patterns of their behavior over time.
    协变量模型，一种主要的归因规范性模型，表明我们通过观察一个人随时间行为模式来确定他们表现出特定行为的原因。
  • The covariation model does an acceptable job of predicting what attributions people make, but sometimes its predictions are incorrect because people often stray from rational decision-making.
    协变量模型在预测人们做出的归因方面做得可接受，但有时其预测是错误的，因为人们常常偏离理性决策。
  • The fundamental attribution error (FAE) is the tendency to overestimate internal factors to explain other people’s behavior. One reason this bias occurs is that it’s easier to observe people performing a behavior than it is to observe the situation that led them to perform that behavior.
    基本归因错误（FAE）是指高估内部因素来解释他人行为的倾向。这种偏差发生的一个原因是，观察人们执行某种行为比观察导致他们执行该行为的情境更容易。
  • Ways to correct for the FAE include being aware of the bias in the first place, rationally considering each context and situation.
    纠正 FAE 的方法包括首先意识到其中的偏差，理性地考虑每个情境和情况。
  • It is difficult to make other people correct for their own biases arising from the FAE. 
    很难让别人纠正由 FAE 引起的自身偏见。
• The information integration theory is a prescriptive theory that addresses how we can rationally combine the disparate sources of information we have about a person into an overall impression.
  信息整合理论是一种规定性理论，它阐述了如何理性地将我们关于一个人的不同信息来源组合成一个整体印象。
  • Researchers have tested two mathematical models of impression formation: 
    研究人员测试了两种印象形成的数学模型：
    • According to the additive model, people form overall impressions by adding together all the trait information they have about a person.
      根据加法模型，人们通过将他们关于一个人的所有特质信息相加来形成整体印象。
    • According to the averaging model, people form overall impressions by averaging all the trait information they have about a person.
      根据平均模型，人们通过平均他们对一个人的所有特质信息来形成整体印象。
    • Research suggests that the averaging model more accurately predicts people’s evaluations of others.  
      研究显示，平均模型更准确地预测人们对他人评价。
• Descriptive models of impression formation depict how people depart from prescriptive models of impression formation.
  描述性印象形成模型描绘了人们如何偏离规范性印象形成模型。
  • People generally display a negativity bias, or a tendency to give more weight to another person’s negative traits than to their positive traits.
    人们通常表现出负面偏见，即倾向于给予他人负面特质比正面特质更多的权重。
  • Another bias that people demonstrate is the positivity offset, or the tendency to have a positive evaluation of a person before we know any information about them. We start to dislike the person only when the negative information we learn about them significantly outweighs the positive information. As we learn more details about a person, the positivity offset becomes less of a factor in our overall evaluation.
    另一种人们表现出的偏见是积极偏差，或者在我们了解任何关于他们的信息之前，倾向于对他们进行积极的评价。只有当我们得知的负面信息显著超过正面信息时，我们才开始不喜欢这个人。随着我们了解更多关于一个人的细节，积极偏差在我们整体评价中的作用变得越来越小。
  • Implicit personality theory involves the belief that certain traits and characteristics are more likely to occur together. According to this theory, when we decide a person has a particular trait, we may also assume that they possess related traits, even when we have never seen them exhibit those traits.
    隐性格理论涉及相信某些特质和特征更有可能同时出现。根据这一理论，当我们决定一个人具有某种特质时，我们可能也会假设他们拥有相关的特质，即使我们从未见过他们表现出这些特质。

Source: https://www.coursera.org/learn/social-psychology-of-attraction-and-relationships/supplement/yKeG8/key-takeaways