Module 06 · Relationship Satisfaction and Dissolution关系满意度与解体
The Attachment Theory of Relationships关系依恋理论
Overview 概述
When trying to understand how adults determine whether they are happy in a relationship, it makes sense to look back at their history of relationships to try to understand what they expect relationships to be like. On this page, we focus on how a person’s first relationship, the one they form with their primary caregiver, can impact their relationships later in life.
当试图理解成年人如何确定他们在一段关系中是否快乐时，回顾他们的人际关系历史，试图了解他们对关系的期望，是有意义的。在本页中，我们关注一个人的第一次关系，即他们与主要照顾者形成的关系，如何影响他们以后的生活中的关系。
The Basics of Attachment Theory 基础依恋理论
An attachment is the emotional bond that typically develops between an infant and their primary caregiver (Bowlby, 1969). This relationship was initially only conceived of as a mother–child bond, but, as family dynamics have shifted, any person who takes responsibility for meeting the child’s needs can be considered an attachment figure. The attachment theory of relationships maintains that the way in which this attachment figure responds to a child’s needs determines the kind of attachment a child develops and the type of relationships they will form as an adult.
依恋是指婴儿与其主要照顾者之间通常形成的情感纽带（Bowlby，1969）。这种关系最初仅被视为母子关系，但随着家庭动态的变化，任何负责满足儿童需求的人都可以被视为依恋对象。依恋关系理论认为，这个依恋对象对儿童需求的回应方式决定了儿童形成的依恋类型以及他们成年后形成的关系类型。
Developmental psychologist Mary Ainsworth studied infant–mother relationships in a wide array of cultures. From this, she developed a procedure, the Strange Situation, that allowed her to divide the types of infant–mother attachments into three categories (Ainsworth et al., 1978). The most prevalent, and most positive, of the three is called a secure attachment, in which children form a strong bond with their attachment figure and trust that they will be there to meet their needs. These children typically feel distress when their attachment figure leaves, but, upon their return, the attachment figure is able to restore a sense of calm relatively quickly.
发展心理学家玛丽·艾斯沃斯在众多文化中研究了婴儿与母亲的关系。据此，她开发了一种程序，即陌生情境法，可以将婴儿与母亲的依恋类型分为三类（艾斯沃斯等，1978）。在这三种类型中，最普遍且最积极的是被称为安全依恋，在这种依恋中，儿童与他们的依恋对象形成强烈的联系，并相信他们会满足他们的需求。这些儿童在依恋对象离开时通常会感到痛苦，但依恋对象回来后，能够相对迅速地恢复平静感。
The two other types of attachments that Ainsworth identified are insecure attachments, with each displaying a different type of non-ideal relationship. Children who develop an avoidant attachment (due to their primary caregiver being distant or disengaged) are typically not terribly disturbed when their attachment figure leaves and don’t derive much comfort from them. Children who develop an ambivalent attachment (due to their primary caregiver being inconsistent—attentive at one point and then disengaged the next) often experience distress when their caregiver leaves, but aren’t comforted upon their return. They sometimes seek out comfort from their caregiver, but often avoid them as well.
两种其他类型的依恋，Ainsworth 识别为不安全依恋，每种都表现出不同类型的非理想关系。由于主要照顾者疏远或疏离，发展出回避型依恋的儿童，在依恋对象离开时通常不会非常困扰，并且从中得不到很多安慰。发展出矛盾型依恋的儿童（由于主要照顾者不一致——有时关注，有时又疏离），在照顾者离开时通常会感到痛苦，但照顾者回来时并不会得到安慰。他们有时会寻求照顾者的安慰，但同时也经常避免他们。
Attachments and Adult Relationships 依恋和成人关系
Social psychologists Cindy Hazan and Phil Shaver (1987) hypothesized that people’s relationship styles as adults would mirror their childhood attachments. To test this, they asked adults to describe their relationships with their attachment figure and then describe their typical relationship with an adult romantic partner. Their results suggested that adults who described their childhood attachment relationship in a way that matched one of Ainsworth’s attachment styles reported consistent orientations in adult relationships. For example, people who characterized their attachment relationship as avoidant (arising from a disengaged primary caregiver) showed significantly less trust toward their partner than did people with other attachment types. People who characterized their attachment relationship as ambivalent (arising from a caregiver switching between being engaged and disengaged) reported being significantly more jealous and needing more reciprocation of love gestures than did people with other attachment types. In short, they needed reassurance that their partner would be there for them.
社会心理学家辛迪·哈赞和菲尔·沙弗（1987 年）假设成年人的人际关系风格会反映他们的童年依恋。为了验证这一点，他们要求成年人描述他们与依恋对象的交往，然后描述他们与成年浪漫伴侣的典型交往。他们的结果表明，那些以与艾斯沃斯依恋风格相匹配的方式描述童年依恋关系的人，在成年关系中表现出一致的取向。例如，那些将依恋关系描述为回避型（源于疏离的主要照顾者）的人，对伴侣的信任程度显著低于其他依恋类型的人。那些将依恋关系描述为矛盾型（源于在参与和疏离之间切换的照顾者）的人，报告说比其他依恋类型的人更加嫉妒，需要更多的爱的行为上的回报。简而言之，他们需要确信他们的伴侣会陪伴在他们身边。
While this theory has received some criticism and calls for modification over the years (see Fraley & Shaver, 2000), the basic idea—that there is a degree of consistency between childhood attachment relationships and adult romantic relationships—remains an important idea in social psychology.
尽管这个理论在多年间受到了一些批评和修改的呼吁（参见 Fraley & Shaver，2000），但基本观点——童年依恋关系与成人浪漫关系之间存在一定程度的连贯性——仍然是社会心理学中的一个重要观点。
Reflection Activity 反思活动
Imagine that you had been asked to participate in Hazan and Shaver’s 1987 study linking childhood attachment with adult romantic relationships. How would you have described your relationship with your primary caregiver? How is this relationship similar, if at all, to the relationships that you’ve experienced as an adult?
想象一下，如果你被要求参与 Hazan 和 Shaver 在 1987 年进行的研究，该研究将童年依恋与成年浪漫关系联系起来。你会如何描述你与主要照顾者之间的关系？这种关系是否与你在成年后经历的关系相似，如果有相似之处的话？