Module 09 · Course Resources课程资源
Glossary术语表
Additive model: a model that states people form impressions by adding together trait information about a person.
附加模型：一种表明人们通过将关于一个人的特征信息相加来形成印象的模型。
Affiliation: a beneficial social contact with another person or people.
隶属：与另一个人或人们的有益社会接触。
Agreeableness: one of the Big Five personality traits that represents the tendency to act in a friendly, cooperative manner.
宜人性：五大人格特质之一，代表倾向于友好、合作的行为方式。
Ambivalent attachment: an attachment style in which children have both positive and negative reactions to their caregiver; adults with this attachment style are more likely to be jealous and need obvious reciprocation of love.
矛盾依恋：一种儿童对照顾者既有积极又有消极反应的依恋风格；具有这种依恋风格的人更容易嫉妒，需要明显的爱的回报。
Attachment: the emotional bond between an infant and their primary caregiver.
附件：婴儿与其主要照顾者之间的情感纽带。
Attachment theory of relationships: the theory that suggests that the attachment a person had with their primary caregiver affects that person’s adult relationships.
人际关系依恋理论：该理论认为，一个人与其主要照顾者之间的依恋关系会影响其成年后的亲密关系。
Attributions: inferences (also called educated guesses) about the causes of events.
归因：关于事件原因的推断（也称为有根据的猜测）。
Averaging model: a model that states people form impressions by averaging trait information about a person.
平均模型：一种表示人们通过平均一个人的特征信息来形成印象的模型。
Avoidant attachment: an attachment style in which children are not distressed when their primary caregiver leaves, nor comforted when they return; adults with this attachment style tend to be less trusting of their partner.
回避型依恋：一种儿童在主要照顾者离开时不会感到困扰，在照顾者回来时也不会感到安慰的依恋风格；具有这种依恋风格的成年人往往对伴侣不太信任。
Big Five: a group of five key personality traits (extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience) that exert wide-ranging influences on thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
五大人格特质：一组对思维、情感和行为产生广泛影响的五个关键人格特征（外向性、神经质、责任心、宜人性以及经验开放性）。
Commitment: the belief that a relationship will be long-lasting or permanent, regardless of any challenges it may face; one component of the triangular theory of love.
承诺：相信一段关系将持续或永久，无论面临何种挑战；爱情三角理论的组成部分。
Communal relationship: a relationship in which being responsive to their partner’s needs, not maximizing benefits and minimizing costs, is a person’s primary concern.
社区关系：一种以对伴侣需求做出反应、不最大化利益和最小化成本为首要关注的人的关系。
Companionate love: a deep feeling of intimacy and affection for another person.
伴侣之爱：对另一个人深深的亲密和关爱之情。
Comparison level: the expectation that a person has for the costs and benefits of their relationships.
比较水平：一个人对其关系成本和收益的期望。
Comparison level for alternative relationships (CLALT): the projected costs and benefits of relationships with other people; it is used when deciding whether to stay in or leave a relationship.
比较替代关系的水平（CL ALT ）：与其他人关系的预期成本和收益；用于决定是否维持或离开一段关系。
Conscientiousness: one of the Big Five personality traits that represents the tendency to act in a responsible, careful manner.
责任心：五大人格特质之一，代表倾向于以负责任、谨慎的方式行事。
Covariation model: a mental model proposing that we look at the patterns of people’s behavior over time to determine why they do something.
协变量模型：一种心理模型，提出我们应该观察人们在一段时间内的行为模式，以确定他们为什么这样做。
Evaluation: a positive or negative appraisal of something.
评估：对某事物的正面或负面评价。
Equity theory: the theory that people’s relationship satisfaction is determined by how closely the costs and benefits of each partner match.
公平理论：人们的关系满意度取决于每个伴侣的成本和收益是否匹配得紧密。
Exchange relationship: relationships where costs and benefits are tracked and used to determine satisfaction.
交换关系：跟踪成本和收益以确定满意度的关系。
External attribution: a conclusion we make that another person acted the way that they did because of the situation or context; also called a situational attribution
外部归因：我们得出的结论，即另一个人之所以这样做，是因为情况或背景；也称为情境归因.
Extraversion: one of the Big Five personality traits that represents the tendency to focus on external stimuli (e.g., other people) as opposed to internal stimuli (e.g., thoughts, memories).
外向性：五大人格特质之一，代表倾向于关注外部刺激（例如，其他人）而非内部刺激（例如，思想、记忆）。
Fatal attraction hypothesis: the hypothesis that traits that initially attract one person to another can become the traits that cause the couple to break up.
致命吸引假设：指那些最初吸引一个人对另一个人产生吸引力的特质，可能成为导致情侣分手的特质。
Fundamental attribution error (FAE): the tendency to overestimate internal attributions to explain others’ behavior.
基本归因错误（FAE）：高估内部归因以解释他人行为的倾向。
Implicit personality theory: a belief that certain traits and characteristics are more likely to occur together.
隐性行为理论：一种认为某些特质和特征更有可能同时出现的信念。
Impression formation: the process of collecting, interpreting, and summarizing information about a person to determine what that person is like.
印象形成：收集、解释和总结关于一个人的信息，以确定这个人是什么样的过程。
Inferences: educated guesses based on limited information. Attributions are inferences.
推论：基于有限信息的合理猜测。归属是推论。
Information integration theory: a prescriptive theory that addresses how we can rationally combine the disparate sources of information we have about a person into an overall impression.
信息整合理论：一种规定性理论，探讨我们如何理性地将关于一个人的不同信息来源组合成一个整体印象。
Internal attribution: a conclusion we make that another person acted the way that they did because of something about them as a person, such as their personality traits, their attitudes, or their current mood; also called a dispositional attribution.
内部归因：我们得出的结论是，另一个人之所以这样做，是因为他们作为一个人的一些特质，如他们的性格特征、态度或当前情绪；也称为性格归因。
Intimacy: a state in which two people feel a deep degree of closeness to each other; one component of the triangular theory of love.
亲密：两个人彼此感到深度亲近的状态；爱情三角理论的一个组成部分。
Investment: the amount of resources (e.g., time, energy, money) that a person puts into a relationship.
投资：个人投入关系中的资源（例如，时间、精力、金钱）的量。
Investment model: a model that suggests that commitment to their current relationship is a function of a person’s satisfaction with the relationship, the availability of alternate relationships, and their investment in the relationship.
投资模型：一种表明对当前关系的承诺是个人对关系的满意度、替代关系的可用性以及他们在关系中的投入的函数的模型。
Matching hypothesis: the idea that people seek out relationships with partners who match their level of attractiveness.
匹配假设：人们寻求与自身吸引力水平相匹配的伴侣关系。
Mere exposure effect: a psychological phenomenon in which repeated exposure to something causes people to like it more.
仅暴露效应是一种心理现象，指反复接触某物会导致人们更加喜欢它。
Negativity bias: a tendency that leads people to give more weight to negative traits than positive traits.
负面偏见：一种导致人们倾向于给予负面特质比正面特质更多重视的倾向。
Neuroticism: one of the Big Five personality traits that represents the tendency to experience emotional instability and have abundant negative emotions; also called negative emotionality
神经质：五大人格特质之一，代表经历情绪不稳定和拥有大量负面情绪的倾向；也称为负面情绪性.
Openness to experience: one of the Big Five personality traits that represents the tendency to seek out and enjoy new experiences and situations.
开放性是五大人格特质之一，代表着寻求和享受新经验和情境的倾向。
Passion: a drive state that leads people to pursue romantic, sexual relationships; one component of the triangular theory of love.
激情：一种驱动力状态，使人们追求浪漫、性关系；爱情三角理论的组成部分。
Passionate love: a type of love that combines physiological arousal and an intense longing for another person.
激情之爱：一种结合生理唤起和对另一个人强烈渴望的爱情类型。
Phase model of relationship breakdown: a model of relationships ending that specifies five stages that relationships go through as they approach their end.
关系破裂阶段模型：一种描述关系走向终结的模型，该模型具体指出了关系在结束前经历的五个阶段。
Physiological arousal: activation of the body’s sympathetic nervous system that causes an increase in heart rate and breathing rate as well as pupil dilation and other bodily changes.
生理唤起：身体交感神经系统的激活，导致心率、呼吸率的增加以及瞳孔扩大和其他身体变化。
Positivity offset: the tendency to have a positive evaluation of a person before we know any information about them.
阳性偏差：在我们了解任何关于某人的信息之前，倾向于对他们进行正面评价。
Propinquity: frequency of exposure, or psychological or physical closeness, to other people. It leads to greater liking.
亲近性：接触频率，或心理或身体上的接近，与他人。这导致更喜欢。
Reciprocal liking: the perception that another person likes us, which leads us to like that person.
互惠喜爱：感知到另一个人喜欢我们，这使我们喜欢那个人。
Reversal hypothesis: the hypothesis that relationships end when the processes that led two people to become attracted to each other reverse themselves, leading to a decrease in attraction.
逆转假说：当导致两个人相互吸引的过程逆转时，关系结束，导致吸引力下降的假设。
Secure attachment: an attachment style in which infants form a trusting relationship with their primary caregiver, believing that the caregiver will be present to meet their needs.
安全依恋：婴儿与其主要照顾者之间形成信任关系的依恋风格，相信照顾者会出现在身边满足他们的需求。
Self-disclosure: a process in which one person shares intimate (and often private) details about their life with another person.
自我披露：一个人与另一个人分享其生活中亲密（通常为私人）细节的过程。
Self-fulfilling prophecy: a situation in which a person’s expectations make themselves come true.
自我实现的预言：一个人对事物的预期使其成为现实的情况。
Similarity: sharing common attributes with other people, such as attitudes and personality traits. It leads to greater liking.
相似性：与他人共享共同属性，如态度和性格特征。这导致更喜欢。
Self-esteem: a person’s level of liking or disliking of themselves.
自尊：一个人对自己喜欢或不喜欢自己的程度。
Social category: a group of people defined by common attributes that are characteristic of the group (e.g., gender, occupation).
社会类别：由具有该群体特征（例如，性别、职业）的共同属性定义的人群群体。
Social exchange theory: a theory of relationships that suggests that people evaluate the quality of their relationships based on the benefits they provide and the costs they extract.
社会交换理论：一种关于关系的理论，该理论认为人们根据他们提供的好处和提取的成本来评估他们关系的质量。
Trait: a stable physical or psychological characteristic of a person.
特征：一个人稳定的生理或心理特性。
Triangular theory of love: a theory that suggests that three dimensions—intimacy, passion, and commitment—determine the type of love present in a relationship. According to this theory, the different types of love are friendship, companionate love, empty love, fatuous love, infatuated love, romantic love, and consummate love.
爱情三角形理论：一种认为亲密、激情和承诺三个维度决定关系中存在的爱情类型的理论。根据这一理论，不同的爱情类型包括友谊、陪伴之爱、空洞之爱、愚蠢之爱、迷恋之爱、浪漫之爱和完美之爱。
Ventral tegmental area: a part of the midbrain that becomes active when people look at pictures of their love partner.
腹侧被盖区：当人们看到他们爱人的照片时，中脑的一部分变得活跃。