Key Takeaways学习要点：从众

Learning Objective 5: Summarize how conformity influences behaviors in groups. 学习目标 5：总结从众如何影响群体行为。

Carefully consider each of the key takeaways.  They can be helpful when preparing for the upcoming cumulative quiz.
仔细考虑每个关键要点。它们在准备即将到来的综合测验时可能会有所帮助。

1. The need for affiliation, belonging to a group, is a universal human motivation.
   归属感，属于一个群体的需求，是人类普遍的动机。
   1. This need can be met by belonging to a group, such as a family, sports team, book club, or support group, and by connecting to others in the group.
      这种需求可以通过加入一个群体来满足，例如家庭、运动队、读书俱乐部或支持小组，以及与群体中的其他人建立联系。
   2. Sometimes people meet their need for affiliation by changing their thoughts or behavior to better fit in with other people, groups, organizations, or situations.
      有时，人们通过改变自己的思想或行为，以更好地适应他人、群体、组织或情境，来满足自己的归属感需求。
2. Conformity is the adjustment of one’s opinions, decisions, or actions to be more consistent with the opinions, decisions, or actions of people in a relevant group, or the normative standards of a social group or situation.
   一致性是指一个人调整自己的观点、决定或行为，使其更符合相关群体中人们的观点、决定或行为，或符合社会群体或情境的规范性标准。
   1. Group members do not need to ask a person to conform; the pressure to conform exists even without a direct request.
      小组成员不需要要求某个人遵守；即使没有直接请求，也存在遵守的压力。
3. People may conform to fulfill a desire to feel safe, belong, and be accepted, or because they perceive that the group possesses accurate information. There are two types of conformity: normative conformity and informational conformity.
   人们可能为了满足感到安全、归属和被接受的需求而遵从，或者因为他们认为群体拥有准确的信息。有两种类型的遵从：规范性遵从和信息性遵从。
   1. Informational conformity occurs when a person changes their opinions or decisions because they do not have sufficient information on a topic; do not trust their own decisions; or lack confidence in their knowledge but think members of a group have more accurate information. Informational conformity is most common in unfamiliar situations or on difficult tasks.
      信息一致性发生在一个人因为对某个主题缺乏足够的信息而改变他们的观点或决策；不相信自己的决定；或者对自己的知识缺乏信心，但认为团体成员拥有更准确的信息。信息一致性在陌生情境或困难任务中最常见。
   2. Normative conformity is when a person changes an opinion, decision, or action to match that of the group. These changes are made with the desire to fit in, to be liked, or to avoid rejection or ridicule by the group. 
      规范性从众是指一个人改变自己的观点、决定或行为以符合群体的行为。这些改变是出于想要融入、被喜欢或避免被群体拒绝或嘲笑的愿望。
4. Normative conformity has different consequences than informational conformity for group decision-making. 
   规范性一致性对群体决策的影响与信息一致性不同。
   1. Informational conformity is about being accurate and normative conformity is about fitting in. 
      信息一致性关乎准确性，规范性一致性关乎适应。
   2. If a person conforms for informational reasons, they are likely to make that same decision in other similar circumstances. 
      如果一个人出于信息原因而遵守，他们很可能在其他类似情况下做出同样的决定。
   3. If a person conforms for normative reasons, they typically do not endorse that decision as correct.
      如果一个人出于规范原因而遵守，他们通常不会认为这个决定是正确的。
5. Several factors increase or decrease the likelihood of conformity: dissenting opinions, group size, task difficulty, response privacy, and prior commitment. 
   几个因素会增加或减少从众的可能性：不同意见、群体规模、任务难度、响应隐私和先前的承诺。
   1. Complete agreement, group size, and task difficulty, increase conformity. 
      完全一致，小组规模和任务难度，提高一致性。
   2. Response privacy and prior commitment decrease conformity.
      响应隐私和先前承诺降低一致性。
   3. Complete agreement in the group is critical for conformity to occur; even one dissenting member can derail conformity.
      小组内达成完全一致对于一致性发生至关重要；即使是一个持不同意见的成员也可能破坏一致性。
   4. Solomon Asch proposed that the pressure to conform builds as group size increases, but only up to a point. When a group has three members the pressure to conform increases, but levels off at a group size of four.
      所罗门·阿希提出，随着群体规模的增加，从众压力也在增加，但仅限于一定程度。当群体有三名成员时，从众压力增加，但群体规模达到四名成员时，压力趋于稳定。
   5. Recently, psychologists have argued that the effect of group size is influenced by the type of conformity (i.e., informational or normative) as well as the type of response (i.e., public or private) offered by individual members to the majority. 
      最近，心理学家认为，群体规模的影响受到从众类型（即信息性或规范性）以及个体成员对多数人提供的反应类型（即公开或私下）的影响。
   6. When a response is in public and directly offered to the majority, normative processes are important in influencing conformity and group size is more of a factor. 
      当回应公开并直接提供给大多数人时，规范性过程在影响一致性方面很重要，群体规模也是一个更重要的因素。
   7. When a response is private and indirectly offered to the majority,  informational conformity is important and group size is less of a factor.
      当回应是私密的并且间接提供给大多数人时，信息一致性很重要，群体规模的影响较小。
   8. When the task is difficult and people do not know what decision to make, they are more likely to conform to the group. As the importance of the task increases, so too, does the drive for informational conformity. 
      当任务困难且人们不知道该做出什么决定时，他们更可能遵从群体。随着任务重要性的增加，信息一致性的驱动力也随之增强。
   9. Conformity is reduced when responses are made privately rather than publicly, as other group members do not know if the member is conforming.
      当私下而不是公开做出回应时，一致性会降低，因为其他小组成员不知道该成员是否在遵守。
   10. Committing to a response or decision prior to a group discussion makes a person less likely to contradict their decision and go along with the group.
       在小组讨论之前做出回应或决定，使人不太可能反驳自己的决定而随波逐流。

Source: https://www.coursera.org/learn/psychology-of-group-behaviors/supplement/39MQO/key-takeaways