Key Takeaways学习要点：旁观者效应

Learning Objective 6: Describe the bystander effect 学习目标 6：描述旁观者效应

Carefully consider each of the key takeaways.  They can be helpful when preparing for the upcoming cumulative quiz.
仔细考虑每个关键要点。它们在准备即将到来的综合测验时可能会有所帮助。

1. The bystander effect is the phenomenon where people in a group are less likely to offer help than a person who is alone.
   旁观者效应是指群体中的人比单独一个人更不愿意提供帮助的现象。
   1. Evidence of the bystander effect has been found in a variety of situations including emergency situations (smoke filling a room, theft, a person falling, an explosion, a person experiencing a seizure, a fire alarm) and nonemergency situations (dropping a handful of pencils or coins).
      旁观者效应的证据在各种情况下被发现，包括紧急情况（房间充满烟雾、盗窃、有人跌倒、爆炸、有人经历癫痫发作、火灾警报）和非紧急情况（掉落一把铅笔或硬币）。
   2. In online environments, individuals are more likely to respond to email requests for help sent only to one person, compared to requests sent to a group.
      在线环境中，个人更可能对只发送给一个人的求助电子邮件请求做出回应，而不是发送给一群人的请求。
   3. The bystander effect has even been observed in the helping behavior of children 5 years and older.
      旁观者效应甚至已经在 5 岁及以上的儿童助人行为中观察到。
   4. Researchers have concluded that a person in need is more likely to get help from a single bystander than from a group of bystanders.
      研究人员得出结论，需要帮助的人更有可能从单个目击者那里获得帮助，而不是从一群目击者那里。
2. Research has identified two factors that contribute to the bystander effect: pluralistic ignorance and diffusion of responsibility.
   研究确定了两个导致旁观者效应的因素：群体性无知和责任扩散。
   1. Pluralistic ignorance occurs when a person in a group does not perceive the need to help because a majority of group members displays inaction in a situation that warrants helping behavior. These inaccurate perceptions of others’ opinions can lead to a failure to help in an emergency.
      群体性无知发生在群体中的一个人没有意识到需要帮助，因为大多数群体成员在需要帮助的行为的情况下表现出不作为。这些对他人观点的不准确感知可能导致在紧急情况下无法提供帮助。
   2. Pluralistic ignorance can occur in any situation in which estimating the norms of a group is difficult. People are often silent when they have inaccurate perceptions of information or a group norm.
      多元无知可能出现在任何难以估计群体规范的情况中。当人们对信息或群体规范有不准确的认识时，他们通常会保持沉默。
   3. Diffusion of responsibility is a diminished sense of responsibility often experienced by individuals in groups. As the number of people in the group increases, each person feels less responsibility to help.
      责任扩散是指个体在群体中常常体验到的一种责任感减弱的现象。随着群体中人数的增加，每个人对帮助的责任感都会降低。
3. The bystander effect can be reduced or eliminated by a number of methods.
   旁观者效应可以通过多种方法减少或消除。
   1. Implementing measures of personal responsibility (e.g., public markers of consumption of information such as notifications of view or audience size) in social media networks can increase bystander intervention for cyberbullying.
      实施个人责任措施（例如，在社交媒体网络中消费信息的公共标记，如观看通知或观众规模）可以增加对网络霸凌的旁观者干预。
   2. Increasing personalization, such as making a direct verbal request of a specific bystander, can decrease diffusion of responsibility. The bystander effect can also be reduced when individuals in a group are identifiable, such as when a security camera is present.
      增加个性化，例如直接向特定旁观者提出口头请求，可以减少责任扩散。当群体中的个体可识别时，如存在监控摄像头，旁观者效应也可以降低。
4. Bystanders must move through a series of steps to be able to offer help in an emergency. They must 1) notice the event; 2) interpret the event as an emergency; 3) decide that it is their personal responsibility to act; 4) have knowledge of how to help; and 5) implement the intervention.
   围观者必须经过一系列步骤才能在紧急情况下提供帮助。他们必须 1）注意到事件；2）将事件解释为紧急情况；3）决定采取行动是他们的个人责任；4）了解如何帮助；5）实施干预。
   1. A bystander likely does not engage in each step sequentially and instead may focus on two or three of them and cycle through various options before deciding on a course of action.
      目击者可能不会按顺序进行每个步骤，而是可能专注于其中两到三个，并在各种选项之间循环，然后在决定行动方案之前。
   2. Failure to progress beyond any step could lead to inaction, such as the bystander failing to notice an event or deciding that it is not their responsibility to help.
      未能超越任何一步可能导致不采取行动，例如目击者未能注意到事件或认为帮助不是他们的责任。
   3. Bystander intervention training programs, designed to increase the likelihood that bystanders will have the knowledge and skills to help in an emergency, have been shown to be effective in changing attitudes about bystander intervention, and changing behavioral intentions and actual helping behaviors.
      旁观者干预培训计划，旨在提高旁观者具备在紧急情况下提供帮助的知识和技能的可能性，已被证明在改变对旁观者干预的态度、改变行为意图和实际帮助行为方面是有效的。

Source: https://www.coursera.org/learn/psychology-of-group-behaviors/supplement/dH0tQ/key-takeaways