Key Takeaways学习要点：群体特征

Learning Objective 1: Describe the characteristics of social groups. 学习目标 1：描述社会群体的特征。

Carefully consider each of the key takeaways. They can be helpful when preparing for the upcoming cumulative quiz.
仔细考虑每个关键要点。它们在准备即将到来的综合测验时可能会有所帮助。

1. A group is two or more interdependent individuals who influence one another through social interactions that commonly include structures involving roles and norms, a degree of cohesiveness, and shared goals. 
   一群是由两个或更多相互依赖的个体组成，他们通过包括涉及角色和规范的结构、一定程度的凝聚力和共同目标在内的社会互动相互影响。
   1. Proximity alone does not convey group membership. Individuals sitting in a waiting room engaged in separate activities would not be considered a group. 
      仅靠邻近性并不能传达群体成员身份。坐在候诊室里从事各自活动的人不会被视作一个群体。
   2. Colleagues assigned to work together on the same project, even if working remotely, are considered a group, as each member will influence the others.
      同事被分配到同一个项目上共同工作，即使远程工作，也被视为一个团队，因为每个成员都会影响其他人。
   3. The physical presence of others is not required to be a member of a group. Virtual groups tend to be made up of people who share similar beliefs, attitudes, and values or collaborate for work or community events.
      他人的物理存在并非成为群体成员的必要条件。虚拟群体往往由拥有相似信仰、态度和价值观的人组成，或者为了工作或社区活动而协作。
2. Group membership can be beneficial and, at times, detrimental. 
   群组成员身份可能有益，有时也可能有害。
   1. Exchanging thoughts and ideas with others, and enjoying social time with others can be beneficial. 
      与他人交流思想和观点，与他人共度社交时光可能有益。
   2. Groups provide us with the building blocks for culture and societal advances.
      群体为我们提供了文化和社会进步的基石。
   3. Groups can sometimes be detrimental, negatively affecting our thought processes and actions.
      群体有时可能是有害的，对我们的思维和行为产生负面影响。
3. Groups can vary in size and purpose and they typically share characteristic features including similarity, cohesiveness, along with adherence to norms and roles.
   群体在规模和目的上可能有所不同，它们通常具有相似性、凝聚力以及遵守规范和角色的特征。
   1. Members of a group must have some aspect of similarity, such as a shared experience, goals, or interests.
      组成员必须有一些相似之处，例如共同的经历、目标或兴趣。
   2. A group is cohesive when it is seen as a unified whole. Cohesiveness results from interdependence–when group members are mutually dependent on one another to reach a common goal.
      一个群体在被视为一个统一的整体时是具有凝聚力的。凝聚力源于相互依赖——当群体成员相互依赖以实现共同目标时。
   3. A norm is a standard or example of the typical performance of a group or of an individual against which comparisons can be made. Groups usually develop social norms, which may be explicit or implicit.
      规范是对一组或个人典型表现的基准或示例，可以据此进行比较。群体通常发展社会规范，这些规范可能是明确的或隐含的。
   4. Roles involve a coherent set of behaviors expected of an individual in a specific position within a group or social setting. Roles reflect a member's power or status within the group or the tasks taken on by members.
      角色涉及一组在特定群体或社会环境中对个人期望的行为。角色反映了成员在群体中的权力或地位，以及成员承担的任务。

Source: https://www.coursera.org/learn/psychology-of-group-behaviors/supplement/ufC6e/key-takeaways