Key Takeaways学习要点：社会促进

Learning Objective 2: Explain the process of social facilitation. 学习目标 2：解释社会助长过程。

Carefully consider each of the key takeaways.  They can be helpful when preparing for the upcoming cumulative quiz.
仔细考虑每个关键要点。它们在准备即将到来的综合测验时可能会有所帮助。

1. Social facilitation is the idea that the presence of others enhances whatever response is dominant, sometimes improving performance and sometimes impairing it.
   社会助长是指他人的存在增强了占主导地位的反应，有时提高表现，有时损害表现。
2. The presence of others improves performance on easy or well-learned tasks, such as solving simple anagrams, but not on difficult or unlearned tasks, such as solving complex anagrams, learning a complex maze, or solving difficult math problems.
   他人的存在可以提高简单或熟练的任务表现，例如解决简单的字母表重排，但不会在困难或未学习过的任务上，例如解决复杂的字母表重排、学习复杂的迷宫或解决困难的数学问题。
3. Robert Zajonc proposed that the experience of arousal enhances whatever response is dominant. 
   罗伯特·扎约克提出，兴奋体验会增强任何占主导地位的反应。
   1. On easy or well-learned tasks (or well-practiced tasks), where the correct response is dominant, the presence of others facilitates performance. 
      在简单或熟练的任务（或练习得当的任务）中，正确反应占主导地位时，他人的存在有助于提高表现。
   2. On new or difficult tasks, where we tend to struggle, the presence of others will enhance the dominant response of slowed performance and increased errors.
      在新的或困难的任务中，我们往往会感到挣扎，此时他人的存在会增强主导的减慢表现和增加错误的反应。
4. Nickolas Cottrell proposed that the presence of others is not the only factor that promotes social facilitation, but rather that social facilitation occurs when others are likely to be evaluating our performance.
   尼克拉斯·科特雷尔提出，他人的存在并非是促进社会助长作用的唯一因素，而是当他人可能评估我们的表现时，社会助长作用才会发生。
5. Robert Baron and other psychologists agree with Zajonc that the presence of others causes arousal. But they do not agree that the arousal is caused by  the mere presence of those people, or the apprehension resulting from a concern over being evaluated. 
   罗伯特·巴龙和其他心理学家同意扎容的观点，即他人的存在会引起兴奋。但他们不同意这种兴奋是由那些人的单纯存在，或者是对被评价的担忧而产生的紧张感引起的。
   1. Baron concluded that when other people are present our capacity for attention is divided multiple ways. We must focus attention on the task at hand, while also paying attention to the others present and what they are thinking or doing. When alone, we can focus 100% of our attention on the task. Thus, our performance suffers when attempting difficult tasks in front of others. On easy tasks, however, the arousal from a distraction causes us to perform better than we would have alone.
      巴龙得出结论，当其他人在场时，我们的注意力会被分散到多个方面。我们必须专注于手头的任务，同时也要关注在场的人以及他们的想法或行为。当独自一人时，我们可以将 100%的注意力集中在任务上。因此，在他人面前尝试困难任务时，我们的表现会受到影响。然而，在简单任务中，来自干扰的兴奋使我们表现得比独自一人时更好。
   2. The distraction-conflict theory states that the arousal that leads to social facilitation is caused by a conflict between attending to the task and attending to the other people who are present.
      注意冲突理论认为，导致社会助长的唤醒是由关注任务和关注在场其他人的冲突引起的。

Source: https://www.coursera.org/learn/psychology-of-group-behaviors/supplement/VrsrA/key-takeaways