Key Takeaways学习要点：群体思维

Learning Objective 8: Describe the causes and consequences of groupthink. 学习目标 8：描述群体思维的原因和后果。

Carefully consider each of the key takeaways.  They can be helpful when preparing for the upcoming cumulative quiz.
仔细考虑每个关键要点。它们在准备即将到来的综合测验时可能会有所帮助。

1. Groups can make poor decisions because of groupthink, a tendency for groups to want to maintain group cohesiveness, while neglecting the need to critically evaluate the quality of the decision.
   群体可能会因为群体思维而做出糟糕的决定，这是一种群体想要维持群体凝聚力的倾向，而忽视了批判性地评估决策质量的需要。
2. According to James Esser and other psychologists, the symptoms of groupthink flow from group cohesiveness, which is the degree to which members coordinate their efforts to achieve goals and maintain group stability. 
   根据詹姆斯·埃瑟和其他心理学家的观点，群体思维的症状源于群体凝聚力，这是成员协调努力实现目标和维持群体稳定性的程度。
   1. Group cohesiveness yields both advantages and disadvantages in group decision-making. 
      团队凝聚力在群体决策中既有优点也有缺点。
   2. Groups can experience greater productivity through improved communication and a shared set of goals with strong group cohesiveness. 
      团队可以通过改善沟通和拥有一个具有强大团队凝聚力的共同目标来提高生产力。
   3. Strong group cohesiveness may also cause resistance to change and promote groupthink.
      强大的团队凝聚力也可能导致对变革的抵制并促进群体思维。
3. Irving Janis, who coined the term groupthink, identified eight symptoms that characterize the decision-making process of groups experiencing groupthink: feelings of invulnerability, inherent morality, self-censorship, illusion of unanimity, direct pressure on dissenters, mindguards, rationalizations, and stereotyped views of the opposition. These eight symptoms can be grouped into three categories: overestimation of the group, pressures toward uniformity, and closed-mindedness.
   欧文·贾尼斯，提出了“群体思维”这一术语，他识别出八种症状，这些症状表征了经历群体思维群体的决策过程：感觉无懈可击、固有道德观、自我审查、统一性的错觉、对持不同意见者的直接压力、思想警卫、合理化和对对手的刻板印象。这八种症状可以分为三类：对群体的过度估计、向统一性的压力和思想封闭。
   1. Group cohesiveness may cause group members to overestimate the quality and competence of the group. Group members that experience feelings of invulnerability are excessively optimistic and certain they will be successful. When group members experience inherent morality, they believe they are doing the “right” thing, so they do not question the ethics or morality of their decision.
      群体凝聚力可能导致群体成员高估群体的质量和能力。经历不可战胜感的群体成员过于乐观，确信自己会成功。当群体成员体验到内在的道德感时，他们相信自己在做“正确”的事情，因此不会质疑他们决策的伦理或道德。
   2. Members of cohesive groups want to maintain cohesiveness by avoiding disagreement. Self-censorship can occur when members avoid bringing up opinions that contradict the group consensus. Groups vulnerable to groupthink suffer from an illusion of unanimity, which can take place when group members believe they are all in agreement. Groupthink takes place when group members apply direct pressure on dissenters to change their minds. Groupthink can happen when some group members adopt mindguards, that is, they shield the group from contradictory information or opposition. 
      成员们希望通过避免分歧来维持团队的凝聚力。当成员避免提出与团队共识相矛盾的意见时，可能会出现自我审查。易受群体思维影响的团队会陷入一致性的错觉，这发生在团队成员认为他们意见一致时。当团队成员对持不同意见的人施加直接压力以改变他们的想法时，就会发生群体思维。当一些团队成员采取“思想守门人”的做法，即他们屏蔽团队接触矛盾信息或反对意见时，群体思维也可能发生。
   3. Members of cohesive groups generally want to remain cohesive. Members of such groups include rationalizations and make excuses for their decisions. Finally, groupthink can happen when group members hold stereotyped views of the opposition, believing that those who oppose them are stupid, weak, or otherwise deficient.
      团队成员通常希望保持团结。此类团队的成员会对自己的决定进行合理化并找借口。最后，当团队成员对反对派持有刻板印象，认为反对他们的人是愚蠢的、软弱的或存在其他缺陷时，就可能发生群体思维。
4. In addition to Janis’ eight symptoms characteristic of groups subject to groupthink, other research identifies behaviors exhibited by individuals that may foreshadow a tendency to engage in groupthink. These behaviors include discouraging open communication; a reluctance to communicate; criticizing others for offering solutions; rationalizing earlier decisions in light of new information; not raising objections to concerns; not considering as many alternatives as possible; not seeking information from experts or outside sources; not seeking contradictory information; and not developing contingencies if a preferred solution fails.
   除了 Janis 提出的八种属于群体思维倾向的群体特征症状外，其他研究还确定了个体可能预示着参与群体思维倾向的行为。这些行为包括：不鼓励开放沟通；不愿意沟通；批评他人提出解决方案；根据新信息合理化早期决策；不对担忧提出异议；不尽可能考虑更多替代方案；不寻求专家或外部信息；不寻求矛盾信息；以及如果首选方案失败，不制定应急计划。
5. Groupthink is a concern for all types of groups from corporate boards and governmental bodies to school boards, social groups, book clubs, workers’ unions, and many others. Janis and other researchers have suggested several strategies for overcoming groupthink:
   群体思维是所有类型群体都应关注的问题，从公司董事会和政府机构到学校董事会、社会团体、读书俱乐部、工会等许多其他组织。Janis 和其他研究人员提出了几种克服群体思维的战略：
   1. Establish an open group climate: Group members should be encouraged to share ideas and concerns without fear of being judged or criticized, through methods such as anonymous suggestions; overtly encouraging dissent; and promoting alternative ideas. Removing a formal leader from the decision process can also contribute to an open climate. 
      建立开放小组氛围：应鼓励小组成员无惧被评判或批评地分享想法和担忧，可通过匿名建议、公开鼓励降级和推广替代想法等方法实现。从决策过程中移除正式领导者也有助于营造开放氛围。
   2. Bring dissenters into the group: Group members should expose other members to opposing positions and the arguments for them by inviting outsiders to present their views and by bringing in new and diverse members into the group. 
      将持不同意见者引入群体：群组成员应通过邀请外界人士发表观点和引入新的、多元化的成员到群体中，向其他成员展示对立的观点及其论据。
   3. Establish the role of critical evaluator and devil’s advocate: The critical evaluator is tasked with objectively evaluating ideas on their own merits, rather than based on whose ideas they are or their popularity (Janis, 1972). This strategy asks each member to be critical in independently reviewing the merit of proposed solutions. The devil’s advocate is tasked with offering arguments against proposed positions and suggesting ideas contrary to the group’s position. 
      建立批判性评估者和魔鬼辩护者的角色：批判性评估者的任务是客观地评估想法的自身价值，而不是基于它们是谁的想法或它们的流行程度（Janis，1972）。这种策略要求每个成员在独立审查所提解决方案的优缺点时保持批判性。魔鬼辩护者的任务是提出反对所提立场的论点，并提出与小组立场相反的想法。
   4. Avoid being directive: If a group has a leader they should avoid beginning a discussion by expressing their chosen position; directing the solution path; and directly challenging members who have opposing ideas (Pautz & Forrer, 2013). The group leader may even choose to be absent from group discussion if they command a great deal of respect or power.
      避免指令性：如果一个团队有领导者，他们应该避免在讨论开始时表达自己的立场；指导解决方案路径；以及直接挑战持有不同意见的成员（Pautz & Forrer，2013）。如果领导者受到极大的尊重或拥有很大的权力，他们甚至可以选择在小组讨论中缺席。
   5. Build diversity into the group: Group diversity reduces the risk of groupthink. Bringing new and different perspectives into the group improves the chances that the group will consider alternative solutions and conflicting evidence. In homogenous groups, there is a greater chance that a desire for conformity will overshadow the careful consideration of all possible solutions.
      将多样性融入团队：团队多样性可以降低群体思维的风险。将新的不同观点引入团队中，可以提高团队考虑替代方案和冲突证据的可能性。在同质化团队中，有更大的可能性是追求一致性的愿望会掩盖对所有可能解决方案的仔细考虑。

Source: https://www.coursera.org/learn/psychology-of-group-behaviors/supplement/H2mIZ/key-takeaways