Module 06 · Course Summary

Key Takeaways学习要点：社会懈怠

Carefully consider each of the key takeaways. They can be helpful when preparing for the upcoming cumulative quiz.
仔细考虑每个关键要点。它们在准备即将到来的综合测验时可能会有所帮助。

Social loafing is the decrease in effort by an individual when working in a group as opposed to working alone.
社会懈怠是指个人在团队工作中与单独工作时相比，努力程度下降的现象。
Psychologists call a person who contributes little or nothing to a joint endeavor but nonetheless garners the same benefits as others who contribute their fair share, a free rider.
搭便车者是指那些对共同事业贡献甚少或毫无贡献，却仍然与其他公平贡献的人获得相同利益的人。
1. The resentment caused by free riders can hamper the efficiency of a group working on a collective task, however, many research studies have found this behavior to be common.
  自由搭车者引起的怨恨可能会妨碍一个集体任务的团队效率，然而，许多研究已经发现这种行为很常见。
There are two types of social loafing.
有两种社会懈怠。
1. The first type involves a free rider in a group; when one person in the group does very little, yet gets the same credit as the others who do the majority of the work.
  第一类涉及群体中的搭便车者；当群体中的一人做得很少，却与其他做大部分工作的人获得相同的荣誉时。
2. The second type occurs when the members of a group expend less effort together than what would be expected by combining the individual efforts of each member.
  第二种情况发生在一群成员共同付出的努力少于将每个成员的个体努力相结合所预期的程度时。
Social loafing exists in individualistic cultures as well as collectivist cultures.
社会懈怠存在于个人主义文化以及集体主义文化中。
1. The social loafing effect is smaller in collectivist cultures, which may be due to differences in power distance, the degree to which a culture accepts an unequal distribution of power in organizations, institutions, or society at large.
  社会懈怠效应在集体主义文化中较小，这可能是由于权力距离的差异，即文化接受组织、机构或整个社会中权力不平等分配的程度。
2. Many collectivist cultures exhibit a high power distance in which there are a number of rules and norms to maintain the status relationships among individuals.
  许多集体主义文化表现出高度权力距离，其中存在许多规则和规范来维持个人之间的地位关系。
3. High power distance is believed to lead to a heightened focus on the role of supervisors, which means that each member’s contributions to group work are highly visible resulting in less social loafing, as teamwork and group goals are prioritized.
  高权力距离被认为会导致对管理者角色的重视程度提高，这意味着每个成员对团队工作的贡献都高度可见，从而减少了社会懈怠，因为团队合作和团队目标被优先考虑。
A number of strategies have been shown to reduce the likelihood that individuals will engage in social loafing. Social loafing is lower when:
一些策略已被证明可以降低个人参与社会懈怠的可能性。当以下情况发生时，社会懈怠程度较低：
1. individual performance is identifiable; 个人表现可识别；
2. people work on challenging tasks;
  人们从事具有挑战性的任务；
3. the task is meaningful or personally relevant to the group members;
  任务对团队成员来说有意义或与个人相关
4. group members feel their contributions are unique;
  小组成员觉得他们的贡献是独特的；
5. group members value the other members of their team;
  团队成员重视他们团队中的其他成员；
6. group members feel accountable for the group’s output; and
  小组成员对小组的成果感到有责任
7. high standards for the task are set and clearly measured.
  高标准已设定并明确衡量。

Source: https://www.coursera.org/learn/psychology-of-group-behaviors/supplement/t8VIv/key-takeaways

Key Takeaways学习要点：社会懈怠

Learning Objective 3: Describe factors that influence social loafing. 学习目标 3：描述影响社会懈怠的因素。