Module 06 · Course Summary
Key Takeaways学习要点：去个体化
Learning Objective 4: Explain how deindividuation alters group behavior. 学习目标 4：解释去个性化如何改变群体行为。
Carefully consider each of the key takeaways. They can be helpful when preparing for the upcoming cumulative quiz.
仔细考虑每个关键要点。它们在准备即将到来的综合测验时可能会有所帮助。
- Deindividuation is a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint, resulting in impulsive and antisocial behavior, due to anonymity and immersion in a group.
去个性化是一种自我意识和自我约束的丧失，导致冲动和反社会行为，这是由于匿名性和沉浸在群体中造成的。- People in groups sometimes feel less accountable for their actions, a phenomenon known as diffusion of responsibility.
人们有时在群体中会感到对自己的行为责任感降低，这种现象被称为责任扩散。 - People in crowds tend to adhere to the group norms of the crowd, rather than traditional societal norms that regulate behavior. People in crowds tend to exhibit behaviors that are more reckless and impulsive.
人群中的个体往往遵循群体的规范，而不是调节行为的传统社会规范。人群中的个体往往表现出更加鲁莽和冲动的行为。 - Deindividuation explains occurrences such as the rioting and looting that occur following sporting events, controversial court verdicts, and even natural disasters. Often in these situations, a crowd is transformed into a disorderly, unruly, and emotionally charged group, known as a mob.
去个性化解释了在体育赛事、有争议的法庭判决甚至自然灾害之后发生的暴乱和抢劫等现象。在这些情况下，一群人通常会被转变为一个混乱、无序且充满情绪的群体，被称为暴民。
- People in groups sometimes feel less accountable for their actions, a phenomenon known as diffusion of responsibility.
- Anonymity can come from immersion in a crowd of people who are strangers or when wearing masks or costumes that conceal an individual’s identity.
匿名可以来自沉浸在陌生人的人群中，或者当戴着面具或服装来隐藏个人身份时。- People in crowds are much less likely to be identified if they do something illegal or antisocial. As a result, people tend to behave more impulsively and less thoughtfully in these situations.
人群中的人如果做非法或不道德的事情，被认出的可能性要小得多。因此，人们在这些情况下往往表现得更加冲动，而不是深思熟虑。
- People in crowds are much less likely to be identified if they do something illegal or antisocial. As a result, people tend to behave more impulsively and less thoughtfully in these situations.
- The ability to create anonymous email accounts and hide IP addresses gives people online the opportunity to communicate in any manner they choose, without fear of being identified and held accountable.
创建匿名电子邮件账户和隐藏 IP 地址的能力，为人们在线提供了以任何他们选择的方式沟通的机会，无需担心被识别和承担责任。- Online deindividuated behavior often involves harassment, inflammatory behavior, hate speech, and an intent to harm.
在线去个体化行为通常涉及骚扰、煽动性行为、仇恨言论和伤害意图。 - Cyberbullying is threatening or harassing behavior directed towards others in some situation of relative disadvantage conducted through electronic technology such as cell phones, e-mail, text messaging, social media platforms, online gaming communities, and online forums and chat rooms.
网络欺凌是指通过电子技术（如手机、电子邮件、短信、社交媒体平台、在线游戏社区、在线论坛和聊天室）对处于相对劣势的人进行的威胁或骚扰行为。
- Online deindividuated behavior often involves harassment, inflammatory behavior, hate speech, and an intent to harm.
- In some situations, people who strongly identify with a group can become deindividuated without being anonymous.
在某些情况下，那些强烈认同某个群体的人可以在不匿名的情况下变得去个体化。- Social identity is the part of the sense of self, or self-concept, derived from memberships in particular social groups, ranging from family to nationality.
社会身份是从特定社会群体（从家庭到国籍）的成员资格中衍生出的自我意识或自我概念的一部分。
- Social identity is the part of the sense of self, or self-concept, derived from memberships in particular social groups, ranging from family to nationality.
- Deindividuation does not always result in antisocial behavior.
去个性化并不总是导致反社会行为。- Prosocial behaviors are behaviors that benefit one or more people, such as providing assistance to an older person crossing the street, or calling for help after witnessing an accident.
亲社会行为是指有益于一个人或更多人的行为，例如帮助年长者过马路，或者在目睹事故后呼救。 - When people are identified as being a member of a group or a profession with prosocial norms, they are more likely to engage in positive behavior when deindividuated even when they are anonymous.
当人们被识别为属于具有亲社会规范的群体或职业时，即使他们在匿名的情况下，他们在去个体化时也更有可能表现出积极行为。
- Prosocial behaviors are behaviors that benefit one or more people, such as providing assistance to an older person crossing the street, or calling for help after witnessing an accident.
- According to the social identity and deindividuation effects (SIDE) model, when individuals are part of a crowd their focus shifts from social norms to group norms, which may be negative (violence) or positive (helping).
根据社会认同和去个体化效应（SIDE）模型，当个体成为群体的一部分时，他们的关注点从社会规范转移到群体规范，这些规范可能是负面的（暴力）或正面的（帮助）。- The SIDE model suggests that the effects of anonymity may work through the adherence to group norms, instead of a “loss of self.” Situations that highlight group norms, such as clothing, location, or symbols, can promote deindividuation.
《SIDE 模型表明，匿名效应可能通过遵守群体规范来实现，而不是“自我丧失”。强调群体规范的情况，如着装、地点或符号，可以促进去个性化。》 - In virtual environments, there may be an increased focus on group cues, such as role, status, and group membership. People respond to group norms in online spaces, even when interacting anonymously.
在虚拟环境中，可能会更加关注群体线索，如角色、地位和群体归属。人们在网络空间中会对群体规范做出反应，即使是在匿名互动时也是如此。 - The SIDE model offers optimism about reducing antisocial behavior online by using the power of social norms to create more positive responses and behaviors in online spaces.
该 SIDE 模型通过利用社会规范的力量，在在线空间中创造更多积极反应和行为，从而为减少网络反社会行为提供了乐观态度。
- The SIDE model suggests that the effects of anonymity may work through the adherence to group norms, instead of a “loss of self.” Situations that highlight group norms, such as clothing, location, or symbols, can promote deindividuation.
Source: https://www.coursera.org/learn/psychology-of-group-behaviors/supplement/TfdZs/key-takeaways