Key Terms关键术语：群体极化

Learning Objective 7: Explain how group polarization affects decision making. 学习目标 7：解释群体极化如何影响决策。

Understanding the following key terms will help prepare you for the cumulative quiz.
理解以下关键术语将有助于您为综合测验做好准备。

Cautious shift: The phenomenon where group members’ individual decisions are initially cautious but become more cautious after group discussion.
谨慎转变：最初成员的个体决策是谨慎的，但在小组讨论后变得更加谨慎的现象。

Discrimination: The behavioral manifestation of prejudice; differential treatment of members of different ethnic, religious, national, or other groups that involves negative, hostile, and injurious treatment of the members of rejected groups.
歧视：偏见的行动表现；对不同民族、宗教、国家或其他群体成员的差别对待，涉及对被排斥群体成员的负面、敌对和有害待遇。

Echo Chambers:  Online environments that feed users only information that reinforces their views while blocking opposing or alternative viewpoints and diverse ideas.
回音室：只向用户推送强化其观点的信息，同时屏蔽对立或替代观点及多元思想的在线环境。

Filter Bubbles: Algorithms used in social media platforms to feed users similar content based on what people viewed, read, “liked,” or purchased in the past, thereby confirming a person’s viewpoint while suppressing opposing information.
过滤泡泡：社交媒体平台使用的算法，根据用户过去查看、阅读、“点赞”或购买的内容来推送类似内容，从而确认一个人的观点，同时抑制对立信息。

Group polarization:  The tendency for people in groups to adopt more extreme versions of their original opinions once exposed to the opinions of others in the group, which can cause the group to become more extreme.
群体极化：群体成员在接触到群体内其他成员的观点后，倾向于采纳更极端的原始观点，这可能导致群体变得更加极端。

Hate crime: Acts of violence motivated by hatred or prejudice toward the group to which the victims of the violence belong.
仇恨犯罪：由仇恨或偏见驱使的针对暴力受害者所属群体的暴力行为。

Ingroup: A group characterized by intense bonds of affiliation such that each member feels a sense of kinship and some degree of loyalty to other members by virtue of their common group membership.
内群体：一个以强烈的归属感为特征的群体，每个成员都因共同的群体成员身份而感到一种家族感和对其他成员的一定程度的忠诚。

Ingroup favoritism: Awarding preference, acknowledgment, and benefits to members of a group to which a person identifies or belongs.
群体偏好：给予个人认同或所属群体成员优先权、认可和利益。

Outgroup: Any group to which a person does not belong or with which a person does not identify.  
外群：一个人不属于或不能认同的任何群体。

Outgroup bias: Bias in which people in the outgroup are denied preference, acknowledgment, and benefits.
外群偏差：对外群成员拒绝给予优先权、认可和利益的一种偏差。

Persuasive arguments theory: An explanation for group polarization that suggests that the opinions of group members discussing an issue tend to become more extreme when a majority of the members favor a particular position because the group will generate more arguments favoring the majority position. 
说服性论点理论：对群体极化的解释，表明当大多数成员倾向于某一特定立场时，讨论问题的群体成员的观点往往会变得更加极端，因为群体将产生更多支持多数立场的论点。

Prejudice: A negative feeling or emotion toward another person or group formed in advance of any experience with that person or group.
偏见：在接触某个人或群体之前，对该个人或群体形成的负面情感或情绪。

Risky shift: The phenomenon where group members’ individual decisions are initially risky but become more risky after group discussion.
风险转移：指群体成员的个体决策最初是风险的，但在群体讨论后变得更加风险的现象。

Social comparison theory: An explanation for group polarization that suggests that groups become more extreme in their decisions when group members discover that others hold more extreme positions than they do during group discussion and, to fit in and be accepted by the group, change their decisions to become more extreme.
社会比较理论：对群体极化的解释，表明当群体成员在群体讨论中发现他人持有的立场比他们更极端时，群体在决策上会变得更加极端，为了融入群体并被接受，他们改变决策以变得更加极端。

Stereotype: A set of beliefs and expectations about the qualities and characteristics of the members of a group or social category.
刻板印象：关于一个群体或社会类别成员的品质和特征的信念和期望的集合。

Source: https://www.coursera.org/learn/psychology-of-group-behaviors/supplement/swnEk/key-terms