Glossary词汇表

Bystander effect: A phenomenon in which people in a group are less likely to help than a person who is alone.
旁观者效应：一群人比单独一个人更不愿意提供帮助的现象。

Cautious shift: The phenomenon where group members’ individual decisions are initially cautious but become more cautious after group discussion.
谨慎转变：最初成员的个体决策是谨慎的，但在小组讨论后变得更加谨慎的现象。

Conformity: The adjustment of a person’s opinions, decisions, or actions to be more consistent with the opinions, decisions, or actions of people in a relevant group, or the normative standards of a social group or situation.
一致性：一个人调整自己的观点、决策或行为，使其与相关群体中的人的观点、决策或行为，或社会群体或情境的规范性标准更加一致。

Critical evaluator: A group member assigned the task of objectively evaluating ideas on their own merits, rather than based on whose ideas they are or their popularity.
关键评估者：被分配客观评估想法的任务的小组成员，而不是基于他们的想法是谁或他们的受欢迎程度。

Cyberbullying: Threatening or harassing behavior directed towards others in some situation of relative disadvantage conducted through electronic technology, such as cell phones, e-mail, text messaging, social media platforms, online gaming communities, and online forums and chat rooms.
网络霸凌：通过电子技术（如手机、电子邮件、短信、社交媒体平台、在线游戏社区、在线论坛和聊天室）针对处于相对劣势的人进行的威胁或骚扰行为。

Deindividuation: A loss of self-awareness and self-restraint, resulting in impulsive and antisocial behavior, due to anonymity and immersion in a group.
去个性化：由于匿名性和沉浸在群体中，导致自我意识和自我约束的丧失，从而产生冲动和反社会行为。

Devil’s advocate: A group member who is tasked with offering arguments against proposed positions and suggesting ideas contrary to the group’s position.
魔鬼的代言人：被指派提出反对提议立场并建议与小组立场相反观点的小组成员。

Diffusion of responsibility: A diminished sense of responsibility that can occur in groups and crowded social settings resulting in impulsive and antisocial behavior and less accountability for actions.
责任扩散：在群体和拥挤的社会环境中可能出现的责任感降低，导致冲动和反社会行为，以及对行为的责任感降低。

Direct pressure on dissenters: A symptom of groupthink in which group members who express dissent are pressured to change their minds.
直接对持不同意见者施压：群体思维的一种症状，其中表达不同意见的群体成员受到压力，被迫改变他们的想法。

Discrimination: The behavioral manifestation of prejudice; differential treatment of members of different ethnic, religious, national, or other groups that involves negative, hostile, and injurious treatment of the members of rejected groups.
歧视：偏见的行动表现；对不同民族、宗教、国家或其他群体成员的差别对待，涉及对被排斥群体成员的负面、敌对和有害待遇。

Distraction-conflict theory: An explanation for social facilitation suggesting that social facilitation occurs because the presence of others distracts, causing divided conscious attention between a task and others present.
干扰冲突理论：一种解释社会助长的理论，认为社会助长发生是因为他人的存在分散了注意力，导致对任务和他人的注意力分散。

Echo Chambers: Online environments that feed users only information that reinforces their views while blocking opposing or alternative viewpoints and diverse ideas.
回音室：只向用户推送强化他们观点的信息，同时屏蔽对立或替代观点及多元思想的在线环境。

Feelings of invulnerability: A symptom of groupthink in which group members are excessively optimistic and certain they will be successful.
感觉无敌：群体思维的一种症状，其中群体成员过度乐观，确信自己会成功。

Filter Bubbles: Algorithms used in social media platforms to feed users similar content based on what people viewed, read, “liked,” or purchased in the past, thereby confirming a person’s viewpoint while suppressing opposing information.
过滤泡泡：社交媒体平台使用的算法，根据用户过去查看、阅读、“点赞”或购买的内容来推送类似内容，从而确认一个人的观点，同时抑制对立信息。

Free rider: An individual who contributes little or nothing to a joint endeavor but nonetheless garners the same benefits as others who contribute their fair share.
搭便车者：对共同事业贡献甚少或没有贡献，但仍然获得与其他公平贡献者相同的利益的人。

Group: Two or more interdependent individuals who influence one another through social interactions that commonly include structures involving roles and norms, a degree of cohesiveness, and shared goals.
群体：两个或更多相互依赖的个体，通过包括涉及角色和规范的结构、一定程度的凝聚力和共同目标在内的社会互动相互影响。

Group polarization: The tendency for people in groups to adopt more extreme versions of their original opinions once exposed to the opinions of others in the group, which can cause the group to become more extreme.
群体极化：当群体成员接触到其他成员的观点后，倾向于采取比最初观点更极端的立场，这可能导致群体变得更加极端。

Groupthink: A tendency for groups to want to maintain group cohesiveness by exerting pressure on group members to reach agreement, without critically evaluating the quality of the decision.
群体思维：群体倾向于通过向成员施加压力以达成一致，而不对决策质量进行批判性评估，以维持群体凝聚力的一种倾向。

Hate crime: Acts of violence motivated by hatred or prejudice toward the group to which the victims of the violence belong.
仇恨犯罪：由仇恨或偏见驱使的针对暴力受害者所属群体的暴力行为。

Illusion of unanimity: A symptom of groupthink in which group members believe they are all in agreement.
一致性的错觉：群体思维的一种症状，其中群体成员认为他们所有人都达成一致。

Informational Conformity: A type of conformity that occurs when a person does not have sufficient information on a topic; does not trust their own decisions; or lacks confidence in their knowledge but thinks members of a group have more accurate information. 
信息一致性：当一个人对一个主题缺乏足够信息；不相信自己的决定；或者对自己的知识缺乏信心，但认为群体成员拥有更准确信息时发生的一种一致性。

Ingroup: A group characterized by intense bonds of affiliation such that each member feels a sense of kinship and some degree of loyalty to other members by virtue of their common group membership.
内群体：一个以强烈的归属感为特征的群体，每个成员都因共同的群体成员身份而感到一种家族感和对其他成员的一定程度的忠诚。

Ingroup favoritism: Awarding preference, acknowledgment, and benefits to members of a group to which a person identifies or belongs.
群体偏好：给予个人认同或所属群体成员优先权、认可和利益。

Inherent morality: A symptom of groupthink in which group members believe they are doing the “right” thing and do not question the ethics or morality of their decision.
固有道德：群体思维的一种症状，其中群体成员认为他们在做“正确”的事情，并不质疑他们决策的伦理或道德。

Mindguards: A symptom of groupthink in which group members shield the group from contradictory information or opposition.
心智守卫：群体思维的一种症状，其中群体成员保护群体免受矛盾信息或反对。

Norm: A standard or example of the typical performance of a group or of an individual against which comparisons can be made. 
规范：一个群体或个人典型表现的基准或示例，可以与之进行比较。

Normative Conformity: A type of conformity that occurs by changing an opinion, decision, or action to match that of the group  made with the desire to fit in, to be liked, or to avoid rejection or ridicule by the group.
规范性一致：一种通过改变观点、决策或行为以符合群体意愿，出于想要融入、被喜欢或避免被群体拒绝或嘲笑的一致性类型。

Outgroup: Any group to which a person does not belong or with which a person does not identify.
外群：一个人不属于或不能认同的任何群体。

Outgroup bias: Bias in which people in the outgroup are denied preference, acknowledgment, and benefits.
外群偏差：对外群成员拒绝给予优先权、认可和利益的一种偏差。

Persuasive arguments theory: An explanation for group polarization that suggests that the opinions of group members discussing an issue tend to become more extreme when a majority of the members favor a particular position because the group will generate more arguments favoring the majority position. 
说服性论点理论：对群体极化的解释，表明当大多数成员倾向于某一特定立场时，讨论问题的群体成员的观点往往会变得更加极端，因为群体将产生更多支持多数立场的论点。

Pluralistic ignorance: A condition in which a person in a group does not perceive the need to help because a majority of group members displays inaction in a situation that warrants helping behavior.
多元无知：一种情况下，群体中的个人没有意识到需要帮助，因为大多数群体成员在需要帮助的行为的情况下表现出不作为。

Power distance: The degree to which a culture accepts an unequal distribution of power in organizations, institutions, or society at large.
权力距离：一种文化在组织、机构或整个社会中接受权力不平等分配的程度。

Prejudice: A negative feeling or emotion toward another person or group formed in advance of any experience with that person or group.
偏见：在接触某个人或群体之前，对该个人或群体形成的负面情感或情绪。

Prosocial behaviors: Behaviors that benefit one or more people, such as providing assistance to an older person crossing the street, or calling for help after witnessing an accident.
亲社会行为：有利于一个人或更多人的行为，例如帮助老年人过马路，或者在目睹事故后呼救。

Rationalization: A symptom of groupthink in which group members make excuses for their decision.
合理化：群体思维的一种症状，其中群体成员为自己的决定找借口。

Risky shift: The phenomenon where group members’ individual decisions are initially risky but become more risky after group discussion.
风险转移：指群体成员的个体决策最初是风险的，但在群体讨论后变得更加风险的现象。

Roles: A coherent set of behaviors expected of an individual in a specific position within a group or social setting.
角色：在特定群体或社会环境中，对个人在特定位置上期望展现的一套连贯行为。

Self-censorship: A symptom of groupthink in which group members stop themselves from having thoughts that contradict the apparent group consensus.
自我审查：群体思维的一种症状，其中群体成员阻止自己产生与明显群体共识相矛盾的思想。

Social comparison theory: An explanation for group polarization that suggests that groups become more extreme in their decisions when group members discover that others hold more extreme positions than they do during group discussion and, to fit in and be accepted by the group, change their decisions to become more extreme.
社会比较理论：对群体极化的解释，表明当群体成员在群体讨论中发现他人持有的立场比他们更极端时，群体在决策上会变得更加极端，为了融入群体并被接受，他们改变决策以变得更加极端。

Social facilitation: The idea that the presence of others enhances whatever response is dominant, sometimes improving performance and sometimes impairing it.
社会助长：认为他人的存在增强了任何占主导地位的反应，有时提高表现，有时损害表现。

Social identity: The part of the sense of self, or self-concept, derived from memberships in particular social groups, ranging from family to nationality.
社会身份：从特定社会群体（从家庭到国籍）的成员资格中衍生出的自我意识或自我概念的一部分。

Social identity and deindividuation effects (SIDE) model: A model that describes how individuals who are part of a crowd may shift their focus from social norms (e.g., general social rules, such as treat others kindly and with respect) to group norms, which may be negative (violence) or positive (helping). 
社会认同与去个体化效应（SIDE）模型：描述个体作为群体一员时，如何将关注点从社会规范（例如，普遍的社会规则，如友善和尊重他人）转移到群体规范，这些规范可能是负面的（如暴力）或正面的（如帮助）。

Social loafing: A decrease in effort by an individual when working in a group versus working alone.
社会懈怠：在团队中工作与单独工作相比，个人努力程度下降。

Stereotype: A set of beliefs and expectations about the qualities and characteristics of the members of a group or social category.
刻板印象：关于一个群体或社会类别成员的品质和特征的信念和期望的集合。

Stereotyped views of the opposition: A symptom of groupthink in which group members believe that those who oppose them are stupid, weak, or otherwise deficient.
刻板印象的反对派观点：群体思维的一种症状，其中群体成员认为反对他们的人是愚蠢的、脆弱的或存在其他缺陷。

Source: https://www.coursera.org/learn/psychology-of-group-behaviors/supplement/TpDEr/glossary