The Working Self-Concept工作自我概念

Overview 概述

Imagine a 60-year-old woman. She is a well-respected judge who takes a very no-nonsense approach to the events in her courtroom. Lawyers arguing a case in front of her know they must follow every procedural rule exactly or she will sternly admonish them or find them in contempt of court. She consistently sentences defendants found guilty in her court to the maximum allowable time in prison. In all respects, she is a harsh—even mean—judge. Now, picture the same woman at home playing with her 2-year-old granddaughter. She is an adoring grandmother, playing the child’s favorite games, speaking in baby talk, and laughing uproariously with her granddaughter. In all respects, she is a loving, playful grandmother.
想象一位 60 岁的女性。她是一位备受尊敬的法官，对法庭上的事件采取非常严肃的态度。在她面前辩论案件的律师知道，他们必须严格遵守每一个程序规则，否则她会严厉地斥责他们，或者认为他们藐视法庭。她始终将她在法庭上判定的有罪被告判处最长可允许的监禁时间。在所有方面，她都是一个严厉的——甚至有些刻薄的——法官。现在，想象一下这位同一位女性在家中与她的 2 岁外孙女玩耍。她是一位充满爱意的祖母，玩着孩子最喜欢的游戏，用婴儿语说话，与她的外孙女一起大笑。在所有方面，她都是一个充满爱心、爱玩耍的祖母。

We all can acknowledge that people can behave very differently in different situations. However, think about what this means for the judge’s self-concept. Is one of the selves that she’s displaying a true self represented in her self-concept, and the other just a facade that she uses? Does her self-concept contain both a serious and a silly component, so that she’s always in danger of letting her silly side leak out in court or of allowing her harsh side to punish her granddaughter? Or are self-concepts so unstable that hers gets completely overwritten each time she goes from her courtroom to her granddaughter’s home?
我们都可以承认，人们在不同的情境下可能会有截然不同的行为。然而，想想这对法官的自我概念意味着什么。她所展现的自我中，是否有一个是她自我概念中的真实自我，而另一个只是她用来伪装的假象？她的自我概念是否包含严肃和愚蠢的成分，以至于她总是有在法庭上泄露她愚蠢的一面或允许她严厉的一面惩罚她的孙女的危险？或者自我概念如此不稳定，以至于每次她从法庭回到家中的孙女家时，她的自我概念都会被完全覆盖？

To answer these questions, we need to learn a bit more about how the self-concept works. So, let’s leave this example briefly to learn more about the stability and flexibility of the self-concept. We’ll come back to the judge shortly. For now, let’s continue our exploration of the self-concept by returning to a familiar activity in Revisiting the “I Am” Task
为了回答这些问题，我们需要更多地了解自我概念是如何运作的。因此，让我们简要地离开这个例子，以便更多地了解自我概念的稳定性和灵活性。我们很快就会回到法官身上。现在，让我们通过回到“我是”任务中一个熟悉的活动来继续我们对自我概念的探索。

Revisiting the “I Am” Task 重新审视“我是”任务

This is an activity that will enhance your understanding of the information presented in this module. If you've subscribed to the specialization, open your workbook and listen to the audio file for instructions for how to complete the activity. If you haven't subscribed to the specialization, listen to the audio file to have an alternate version of the activity described to you. When you're finished, continue with the course.
这是一个将增强您对本模块所呈现信息理解的活动。如果您已订阅该专业，请打开您的作业簿并收听音频文件，以获取完成活动的说明。如果您尚未订阅该专业，请收听音频文件，以获得活动的替代版本描述。完成之后，继续课程。

If you’re like most people, your responses on the “I Am” task weren’t identical the two times you took it. Does that mean your self-concept changed between the two activities? Possibly, but there is most likely another answer. Let’s consider how the judge might have filled out her own “I Am” task when in her courtroom, and how her answers might have changed if she had completed the task while playing with her granddaughter. In her courtroom, she might have written, “I am a judge,” “I am serious,” and “I am fair,” whereas, with her granddaughter, she might have written, “I am a nana,” “I am loving,” and “I am silly.” It sounds like she has two entirely different self-schemas that appear when she is in different situations. That’s exactly what’s happening, according to researchers (Markus & Kunda, 1986; McConnell, 2011).
如果你像大多数人一样，你在“我是”任务中的两次回答并不相同。这意味着你在两次活动之间的自我概念发生了变化吗？可能吧，但很可能还有另一个答案。让我们考虑法官在她自己的法庭上填写“我是”任务时的情况，以及如果她在和她的孙女一起完成任务时，她的答案可能会有何不同。在她的法庭上，她可能会写“我是一个法官”，“我是严肃的”和“我是公平的”，而和她孙女在一起时，她可能会写“我是奶奶”，“我是充满爱的”和“我是傻气的”。听起来她似乎有两种完全不同的自我图式，当她处于不同情境时就会出现。这正是研究人员（Markus & Kunda，1986；McConnell，2011）所观察到的。

The Working Self-Concept 工作自我概念

Previously, we spent a good amount of time emphasizing how large the self is. It is so large, in fact, that not all of it can fit into our consciousness at any given time. Put another way, only a portion of our self is active at any one time. We call this part the working self-concept (Markus & Kunda, 1986). Because the contents of the working self-concept are active, they are the part that can influence our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. They are the part that leads us to think, feel, and act in a way that is consistent with that part of our self-concept (Kawakami et al., 2012). The other parts of our self-concept are still there, but they are dormant, waiting to be activated if something in the situation calls on them, but otherwise exerting no influence on our thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. This means that our judge is in no danger of yelling at her granddaughter the way she yells at overly informal lawyers in her courtroom, and someone whose self-concept contains the idea of “I am a joker” will have their joking tendencies set aside when other aspects of their self-concept get activated.  
之前，我们花了很多时间强调自我有多么庞大。实际上，它如此之大，以至于在任何给定的时间内，并非所有的自我都能进入我们的意识。换句话说，我们的自我中只有一部分是活跃的。我们称之为工作自我概念（Markus & Kunda，1986）。因为工作自我概念的内容是活跃的，所以它们是我们能影响我们的思想、情感和行为的那部分。它们是我们引导我们以与自我概念一致的方式思考、感受和行动的那部分（Kawakami 等，2012）。我们自我概念的其他部分仍然存在，但它们是休眠的，等待在某种情况下被激活，否则对我们的思想、情感或行为没有任何影响。这意味着我们的法官不会像在法庭上对过于不正式的律师那样对她孙女大喊大叫，而一个自我概念中包含“我是一个小丑”想法的人，当其他方面的自我概念被激活时，他们的开玩笑倾向会被放在一边。

Does this mean that our working self-concept is inherently unstable, changing as we move from situation to situation? Yes and no. Certainly, as with our judge, self-schemas move in and out of our working self-concept as our environment and our roles change. However, there are parts of our self-concept that are essentially active all the time. We say that these portions of the self are chronically accessible, and they stay in the working self-concept throughout the day, influencing us across situations. Ultimately, these form the core aspects of the self. So, if being intelligent is chronically accessible to you, you’re likely to present yourself as intelligent, think hard about information you’re given, and take on intellectual challenges regardless of the type of situation you find yourself in. Different situations may make these aspects of yourself more or less prominent, but, even in situations not relevant to these concepts, they will still be present in your working self-concept, impacting your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
这是否意味着我们的工作自我概念本质上是不稳定的，随着我们从一种情境转移到另一种情境而变化？是的，也不是。当然，就像我们的法官一样，自我图式随着我们的环境和角色的变化而进入和退出我们的工作自我概念。然而，我们的自我概念中有一部分始终是活跃的。我们说这些自我部分是长期可访问的，它们在一天中保持在工作自我概念中，影响我们在不同情境下的思考、感受和行为。最终，这些构成了自我的核心方面。因此，如果你对智能的长期可访问性，你很可能表现出智能，认真思考你得到的信息，并接受智力挑战，无论你处于何种情境。不同的情境可能会使你自己的这些方面更加突出或不太突出，但即使在与这些概念无关的情境中，它们仍然会存在于你的工作自我概念中，影响你的思想、感受和行为。

We’re going to end this section with another reflective task for you to think about in the coming days. Think about what aspects of your self are chronically accessible to you. Put another way, think about what aspects of your self are always present in your mind.  These are often among the first few items that you write in your “I Am” task responses. They also appear on your list consistently, across different times you do the task and across different contexts. So, think about which of these items would be on your list regardless of where you did the task: at home, at your workplace or school, with your family, with your friends, and so on. This exercise will start to give you an idea of what the core aspects of your self are, and what parts of your self are consistently influencing you as you go about your life.
我们将以另一个反思任务结束本节，让您在接下来的几天里思考。思考一下哪些自我方面是长期可触及的。换句话说，思考一下哪些自我方面始终存在于您的脑海中。这些通常是在您“我是”任务回应中首先写下的几个项目之一。它们也始终出现在您的列表中，无论您何时做这项任务以及在不同情境下。因此，思考一下无论您在何处完成任务（在家、在工作场所或学校、与家人、与朋友等），哪些项目会出现在您的列表上。这个练习将开始让您了解自我核心方面以及哪些自我部分在您的生活中持续影响您。

Source: https://www.coursera.org/learn/psychology-of-the-self/supplement/wih1Z/the-working-self-concept