Key Takeaways: Self-Esteem学习要点：自尊心

Learning Objectives 学习目标

• Explain the nature of self-esteem.
  解释自尊的本质。
  • Differentiate state and trait self-esteem.
    区分状态和特质自尊。
  • Differentiate self-esteem, self-efficacy, and narcissism.
    区分自尊、自信和自恋。
  • Explain how the nature of self-esteem varies between cultures.
    解释自尊在不同文化中的差异。
• Describe the correlates of self-esteem.
  描述自尊的相关因素。
  • Explain the functions of self-esteem.
    解释自尊的功能。
  • List the correlates of self-esteem.
    列出自尊的相关因素。
  • Differentiate between low and ambivalent self-esteem.
    区分低自尊和矛盾自尊。
  • Explain the relationship between low self-esteem and depression.
    解释自尊心低下与抑郁症之间的关系。

Key Terms 关键词

Here are the key terms from this module:
以下是本模块的关键术语：

• Ambivalent self-esteem: similar to self-ambivalence, self-esteem that contains both positive and negative views of the self’s value.
  矛盾的自尊：类似于自我矛盾，包含了对自我价值既有正面又有负面看法的自尊。
• Antisocial behavior: actions that physically, psychologically, emotionally, or socially damage another person.
  反社会行为：对身体、心理、情感或社会方面损害他人的行为。
• Anxiety: a negative emotional state due to the anticipation of a physical, psychological, emotional, or social danger.
  焦虑：由于对生理、心理、情感或社会危险的预期而产生的负面情绪状态。
• Best possible selves (BPS) procedure: a procedure in which people are asked to write about what it would be like to experience very positive life outcomes and be the best person they could be.
  最佳自我（BPS）程序：一种让人们写下体验非常积极的生活结果和成为他们能成为的最好人的感受的程序。
• Extrinsic sources of information: sources of information about our self-value that are contingent upon external factors, including others’ points of view.
  外部信息来源：关于我们自我价值的信息来源，这些来源依赖于外部因素，包括他人的观点。
• Intrinsic sources of information: sources of information about our self-value that do not depend on others’ points of view.
  内在信息来源：关于我们自我价值的信息来源，不依赖于他人的观点。
• Mindfulness: a procedure in which people are encouraged to focus on the present moment and to view negative thoughts, feelings, and events nonjudgmentally.
  正念：一种鼓励人们专注于当下，并以无评判的态度看待负面想法、情感和事件的程序。
• Narcissism: excessive self-love or egocentrism.
  自恋：过度的自我爱或以自我为中心。
• Negative self-esteem: self-esteem that is lower than the average self-esteem, but still not truly negative. It is more accurately described as ambivalent self-esteem.
  自卑感：低于平均自尊，但并非真正消极。更准确地说，它是一种矛盾的自尊。
• Self-ambivalence: beliefs about the self that have both positive and negative components.
  自我矛盾：关于自我既有积极又有消极成分的信念。
• Self-efficacy: a person’s belief that they have the skills necessary to successfully complete a task.
  自我效能感：一个人相信自己拥有完成任务的必要技能。
• Self-esteem: a person’s subjective evaluation of whether, overall, they believe they’re a good, valuable person or not.
  自尊：一个人对自己是否是一个好、有价值的人的主观评价。
• Sociometer hypothesis: the idea that self-esteem acts like a measure of the quality of our social relationships and motivates us to repair or replace those relationships when they seem damaged.
  社会计量假设：自尊被视为衡量我们社会关系质量的一种方式，并激励我们在关系看似受损时修复或替换这些关系。
• State self-esteem: a type of self-esteem that changes in response to situations that impact our perceptions of our self-worth.
  自我状态自尊：一种随着影响我们自我价值感知的情况而变化的自我价值感。
• Trait self-esteem: a type of self-esteem that is stable over time.
  特质自尊：一种随时间稳定的自尊类型。

Key Takeaways 关键要点

Here are the key takeaways from this module that will help you as you prepare for the Module Quiz:
以下是本模块的关键要点，这些要点将帮助您在准备模块测验时：

• Self-esteem is our subjective evaluation of our self-worth—in particular, our assessment of whether or not we are a good, valuable person. There is more than one type of self-esteem:
  自尊是我们对自己价值的主体评价——特别是我们对自己是否是一个好、有价值的人的评估。自尊不止一种类型：
  • Trait self-esteem is an evaluation of our self-worth that is stable over time. It acts like a facet of our personality.
    特质自尊是对我们自我价值的评价，它在时间上是稳定的。它就像我们个性的一面。
  • State self-esteem changes in response to situations that impact our perceptions of our self-worth.
    国家自尊心会随着影响我们自我价值感知的情况而变化。
• Self-esteem is related to, but fundamentally different from, mood, self-efficacy, and narcissism:
  自尊与情绪、自我效能感和自恋有关，但本质上不同：
  • Mood changes as our overall feelings switch between positive and negative; it is not necessarily related to our feelings of self-worth.
    情绪变化，因为我们的整体感受在积极和消极之间切换；这并不一定与我们的自我价值感有关。
  • Self-efficacy refers to the belief that we have the abilities necessary to complete a task; however, our abilities may not be tied to our self-worth.
    自我效能感是指我们相信自己具备完成任务的必要能力；然而，我们的能力可能并不与我们的自我价值挂钩。
  • Narcissism involves feelings of superiority over others, while high self-esteem involves positive evaluations of our own worth.
    自恋涉及对他人优越感的感受，而高自尊则涉及对我们自身价值的积极评价。
• Various influences upon self-esteem exist.
  各种影响自尊的因素存在。
  • Self-esteem has roots in childhood, and the dimensions upon which our self-worth is based are influenced by our caregivers. 
    自尊源于童年，我们自我价值的基础维度受到我们照顾者的 影响。
  • Intrinsic sources of information and (especially) extrinsic sources of information can impact our state self-esteem.
    内在信息来源和（尤其是）外在信息来源可能会影响我们的自我价值感。
  • Two interventions have been shown to positively impact psychological well-being, and thus trait self-esteem: mindfulness and the best possible selves (BPS) procedure
    两项干预已被证明可以积极影响心理健康，从而提高特质自尊：正念和最佳自我（BPS）程序.
• A major theory as to why self-esteem exists, the sociometer hypothesis, states that self-esteem acts as a measure of the quantity and quality of our social relationships. In this model, low self-esteem can serve to motivate us to attempt to repair relationships or seek out better ones when our current relationships are found to be lacking.
  自尊存在的主要原因之一，即社会测量假说，认为自尊是我们社会关系数量和质量的衡量标准。在这个模型中，低自尊可以激励我们尝试修复关系或寻找更好的关系，当我们发现当前关系存在不足时。
• High and low self-esteem are associated with different outcomes:
  高自尊和低自尊与不同的结果相关：
  • High self-esteem is associated with lower anxiety, lower degrees of antisocial behavior, and better health. 
    高自尊与较低的焦虑、较低的反社会行为和更好的健康状况相关。
  • Low self-esteem is linked to anxiety, aggression, and depression.
    自尊心低与焦虑、攻击性和抑郁有关。
  • Rather than having truly negative self-esteem, most people who have below-average self-esteem have ambivalent self-esteem—self-esteem that is negative on some dimensions, but positive on others.
    与其拥有真正的负面自尊，大多数自尊低于平均水平的人拥有矛盾的自尊——在某些维度上是负面的，但在其他维度上是积极的。
• Western cultures and Eastern cultures show consistent differences in how self-esteem is formed and how it operates.
  西方文化与东方文化在自尊的形成和运作方式上表现出持续的差异。
  • People in Western cultures tend to have higher self-esteem than those in Eastern cultures, largely due to the fact that Western cultures tend to value high self-esteem as a goal in and of itself, whereas Eastern cultures value self-improvement and the respect of peers.
    西方文化中的人往往比东方文化中的人自尊心更高，这主要是因为西方文化往往将高自尊视为一个目标本身，而东方文化则重视自我提升和同侪的尊重。
  • In Western cultures, low self-esteem is linked with negative traits such as aggression, depression, and antisocial behavior, whereas these links are not seen in Eastern cultures.
    在西方文化中，低自尊与攻击性、抑郁和反社会行为等负面特征相关联，而在东方文化中则没有看到这些联系。

Now that you’ve finished reviewing these key takeaways, you can go back and look over the material from this module or move on to take the Module Quiz. Remember to use the information you just learned when you study for the quiz. Good luck!
现在你已经完成了这些关键点的回顾，你可以回到这个模块的资料中复习，或者继续进行模块测验。记得在准备测验时使用你刚刚学到的信息。祝你好运！

Source: https://www.coursera.org/learn/psychology-of-the-self/supplement/Cnyft/key-takeaways-self-esteem