Glossary词汇表

Accuracy: a self-motive focused on seeking accurate information about the self.
准确性：关注寻求自我准确信息的自我动机。

Actual self: a representation of the self showing how we believe we currently are.
实际自我：展示我们认为自己目前是怎样的自我的一种自我表现。

Ambivalent self-esteem: similar to self-ambivalence, self-esteem that contains both positive and negative views of the self’s value.
矛盾的自尊：类似于自我矛盾，包含了对自我价值既有正面又有负面看法的自尊。

Antisocial behavior: actions that physically, psychologically, emotionally, or socially damage another person.
反社会行为：对身体、心理、情感或社会方面损害他人的行为。

Anxiety: a negative emotional state due to the anticipation of a physical, psychological, emotional, or social danger.
焦虑：由于对生理、心理、情感或社会危险的预期而产生的负面情绪状态。

Associative network: a way of representing how information is stored in memory.
关联网络：表示信息在内存中存储的方式。

Best possible selves (BPS) procedure: a procedure in which people are asked to write about what it would be like to experience very positive life outcomes and be the best person they could be.
最佳自我（BPS）程序：一种让人们写下体验非常积极的生活结果和成为他们能成为的最好人的感受的程序。

Chronic accessibility: for a node in an associative network, the state of being prominent in a person’s mind across all situations.  
慢性可及性：对于关联网络中的一个节点，指在所有情况下在人的思维中突出的状态。

Collection of information: an aspect of the self that refers to the fact that the self contains all of our self-knowledge, including autobiographical memories, our likes and dislikes, and our feelings about ourselves.
信息收集：自我的一部分，指的是自我包含我们所有的自我知识，包括自传性记忆、我们的喜好和厌恶以及我们对自己的感受。

Delayed gratification: the result of self-regulation in which people choose to forgo an immediate reward for a larger reward in the future.
延迟满足：人们为了未来的更大回报而放弃即时奖励的自我调节的结果。

Downward social comparisons: comparing yourself to someone you believe is worse than you on some dimension.
向下社会比较：将自己与你认为在某些方面不如你的人进行比较。

Extrinsic sources of information: sources of information about our self-value that are contingent upon external factors, including others’ points of view.
外在信息来源：关于我们自我价值的信息来源，这些来源依赖于外部因素，包括他人的观点。

Focal goal: a specific, personally important goal that we are focused on pursuing.
焦点目标：一个具体、对我们个人重要的目标，我们专注于追求。

Goal shielding: a phenomenon in which an activated goal inhibits other goals so that the activated goal can be pursued without interference from other goals.
目标屏蔽：一种激活的目标抑制其他目标的现象，以便激活的目标可以在不受其他目标干扰的情况下追求。

Ideal self: a representation of the self showing the person we would like to be.
理想自我：展示我们希望成为的人的自我形象。

Implementation intentions: statements that indicate specific behaviors that will be performed to achieve a goal. They are often phrased as if/then statements that specify plans to be implemented when a roadblock is encountered.
实施意图：表明为实现目标将执行的具体行为的陈述。它们通常以如果/那么的形式表达，当遇到障碍时指定要实施的计划。

Independent self-concept: a self-concept prominent in individualistic cultures in which people primarily define themselves based on their own attributes, traits, and accomplishments.
独立自我概念：在个人主义文化中突出的自我概念，人们主要根据自己的属性、特质和成就来定义自己。

Interdependent self-concept: a self-concept prominent in collectivistic cultures in which people primarily define themselves based on their relationships to other people and the attributes of the groups to which they belong.
相互依存的自体概念：在集体主义文化中突出的自体概念，人们主要根据他们与其他人的关系以及他们所属群体的属性来定义自己。

Intrinsic sources of information: sources of information about our self-value that do not depend on others’ points of view.
内在信息来源：关于我们自我价值的信息来源，不依赖于他人的观点。

Link: a representation of an association between two nodes in an associative network.
链接：表示关联网络中两个节点之间关联的表示。

Looking-glass self: a term that highlights the effect of reflected appraisals on our self-concepts.
镜中自我：一个强调反射评价对我们自我概念影响的概念。

Meta-analysis: a type of scientific evaluation that looks at all of the published articles on a particular topic and combines them into a single statistical analysis to determine whether there is evidence for an effect across the large body of studies that were analyzed.
Meta 分析：一种科学评估方法，它审视特定主题上所有已发表的论文，并将它们合并成一个单一统计分析，以确定在分析的大量研究中是否存在效应的证据。

Mindfulness: a procedure in which people are encouraged to focus on the present moment and to view negative thoughts, feelings, and events nonjudgmentally.
正念：一种鼓励人们专注于当下，并以无评判的态度看待负面想法、情感和事件的程序。

Multilab preregistered replication: a type of study in which multiple investigators from around the world combine their efforts and run identical versions of the same study, ideally providing enough data to conclude whether or not a phenomenon truly exists.
多实验室预注册复制：一种研究类型，其中来自世界各地的多个研究人员联合努力，运行相同研究的相同版本，理想情况下提供足够的数据来得出现象是否真正存在的结论。

Narcissism: excessive self-love or egocentrism.
自恋：过度的自我爱或以自我为中心。

Negative self-esteem: self-esteem that is lower than the average self-esteem, but still not truly negative. It is more accurately described as ambivalent self-esteem.
自卑感：低于平均自尊，但并非真正消极。更准确地说，它是一种矛盾的自尊。

Node: a representation of information being stored in an associative network.
节点：表示在关联网络中存储的信息的表示。

Objective self-awareness: a state in which we focus on the behaviors that we are performing and compare them to our own beliefs and values.
目标自我意识：一种我们关注自己正在执行的行为，并将它们与我们自己的信念和价值观进行比较的状态。

Ought self: a representation of the self showing the level we do not want to fall below.
应当自我：表示我们不想跌落到的水平。

Positive illusions: three categories of inaccurate beliefs people have that come from the tendency to self-enhance. They include when a person (a) believes they are better than they actually are, (b) expects more positive outcomes for themself than is rational, and (c) overestimates the amount of control they have over their outcomes.
积极错觉：人们由于自我提升的倾向而拥有的三种不准确信念。包括：（a）一个人认为自己比实际情况更好，（b）对自己期望比理性更多的积极结果，以及（c）高估自己对结果的掌控程度。

Reflected appraisals: our beliefs about how others see us. These beliefs often affect our self-concepts.
反映的评价：我们关于他人如何看待我们的信念。这些信念通常会影响我们的自我概念。

Regulatory focus theory: a theory that people’s regulatory focus—concentrating on either reaching good outcomes (a promotion focus) or avoiding bad outcomes (a prevention focus)—can have implications for the emotions they feel if they fail to achieve their goal.
监管焦点理论：一种理论，认为人们的监管焦点——专注于实现良好结果（提升焦点）或避免不良结果（预防焦点）——如果他们未能实现目标，可能会对他们的情绪产生影响。

Resource depletion model of self-regulation: a model of self-regulation that conceptualizes willpower as a limited resource that people can run out of; also called the ego-depletion model of self-regulation
自我调节的资源耗竭模型：将意志力视为一种有限的资源，人们可能会耗尽；也称为自我调节的 ego 耗竭模型.

Schematic: the property of a portion of the self-concept (called a self-schema) that makes it always be active in a person’s mind. 
原理图：自我概念的一部分（称为自我图式）的特性，使其始终在人的脑海中保持活跃。

Self-ambivalence: beliefs about the self that have both positive and negative components.
自我矛盾：关于自我既有积极又有消极成分的信念。

Self-awareness theory: a theory that people can be in one of two states of self-awareness: one in which they are focusing their attention on their own behavior and comparing it to their standards (called high self-awareness), or another in which they are directing their attention outward, away from themselves and their standards (called low self-awareness).
自我意识理论：一种理论，认为人们可以处于两种自我意识状态之一：一种是在关注自己的行为并将其与自己的标准进行比较（称为高自我意识），另一种是将注意力转向外部，远离自己和自己的标准（称为低自我意识）。

Self-concept: one’s store of information about the self, including their autobiographical memories, social roles, and other types of self-knowledge.
自我概念：一个人关于自己的信息储备，包括他们的自传性记忆、社会角色和其他类型的自我知识。

Self-efficacy: a person’s belief that they have the skills necessary to successfully complete a task.
自我效能感：一个人相信自己拥有完成任务的必要技能。

Self-enhancement: a self-motive focused on seeking positive information about the self as well as attempting to avoid, ignore, or counterargue negative information.
自我提升：关注寻求关于自身的积极信息，并试图避免、忽视或反驳消极信息的一种自我动机。

Self-esteem: a person’s subjective evaluation of whether, overall, they believe they’re a good, valuable person or not.
自尊：一个人对自己是否是一个好、有价值的人的主观评价。

Self-monitoring: an individual difference that describes the tendency to monitor your own behavior to ensure that it is appropriate for the situation you’re in.
自我监控：描述个人差异，指监控自身行为以确保其适合所处情境的倾向。

Self-regulation: the control of one’s thoughts, feelings, and, especially, behaviors to achieve a long-term goal.
自我调节：控制自己的思想、情感，尤其是行为，以实现长期目标。

Self-schema: a part of the self-concept that contains a group of interrelated ideas that all relate to a single aspect of the self. 
自我图式：自我概念的一部分，包含一系列相互关联的想法，这些想法都与自我的某个单一方面相关。

Self-verification: a self-motive focused on seeking a sense of stability and coherence in one’s understanding of the self. It causes people to seek out information that is consistent with their current self-concept.
自我验证：一种以寻求自我理解中的稳定性和连贯性为动机的自我驱动。它使人们寻求与当前自我概念一致的信息。

Set of processes: an aspect of the self that refers to the fact that the self can initiate or affect many different mental actions that, in turn, affect our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. 
过程集合：自我的一种方面，指的是自我可以发起或影响许多不同的心理活动，这些活动反过来又影响我们的思想、情感和行为。

Sociometer hypothesis: the idea that self-esteem acts like a measure of the quality of our social relationships and motivates us to repair or replace those relationships when they seem damaged.
社会计量假设：自尊被视为衡量我们社会关系质量的一种方式，并激励我们在关系看似受损时修复或替换这些关系。

State self-esteem: a type of self-esteem that changes in response to situations that impact our perceptions of our self-worth.
自我状态自尊：一种随着影响我们自我价值感知的情况而变化的自我价值感。

Trait self-esteem: a type of self-esteem that is stable over time.
特质自尊：一种随时间稳定的自尊类型。

Willpower: a strong desire for meaningful behavioral change that determines the success of self-regulation. Willpower is widely understood to be a resource that can be depleted with each use.
意志力：对有意义的行为改变的强烈愿望，决定了自我调节的成功。人们普遍认为意志力是一种随着每次使用而可能耗尽的资源。

Source: https://www.coursera.org/learn/psychology-of-the-self/supplement/tIDok/glossary