Key Takeaways: The Self-Concept学习要点：自我概念

Learning Objectives 学习目标

• Describe how the self-concept can influence our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
  描述自我概念如何影响我们的思想、情感和行为。
  • Differentiate between the self-concept and the working self-concept.
    区分自我概念和工作自我概念。
  • Explain how the contents of the self-concept can change how we think, feel, and act in different situations.
    解释自我概念的内容如何在不同情况下改变我们的思考、感受和行为。
  • Identify different factors that influence the contents of the self-concept.
    识别影响自我概念内容的不同因素。
  • Describe the factors that might make us act inconsistently with our self-concept.
    描述可能导致我们的行为与自我概念不一致的因素。

Key Terms 关键词

Here are the key terms from this module:
以下是本模块的关键术语：

• Actual self: a representation of the self showing how we believe we currently are.
  实际自我：展示我们认为自己目前是怎样的自我的一种自我表现。
• Associative network: a way of representing how information is stored in memory.
  关联网络：表示信息在内存中存储的方式。
• Chronic accessibility: for a node in an associative network, the state of being prominent in a person’s mind across all situations.  
  慢性可访问性，指在关联网络中节点的状态，以及一个人在所有情况下都突出的状态。
• Downward social comparisons: comparing yourself to someone you believe is worse than you on some dimension.
  向下社会比较，将自己与你认为在某些方面不如你的人进行比较。
• Ideal self: a representation of the self showing the person we would like to be.
  理想自我：展示我们希望成为的人的自我形象。
• Independent self-concept: a self-concept prominent in individualistic cultures in which people primarily define themselves based on their own attributes, traits, and accomplishments.
  独立自我概念：在个人主义文化中突出的自我概念，人们主要根据自己的属性、特质和成就来定义自己。
• Interdependent self-concept: a self-concept prominent in collectivistic cultures in which people primarily define themselves based on their relationships to other people and the attributes of the groups to which they belong.
  相互依存的自体概念，是一种在集体主义文化中突出的自体概念，其中人们主要根据他们与其他人的关系以及他们所属群体的属性来定义自己。
• Link: a representation of an association between two nodes in an associative network.
  链接：表示关联网络中两个节点之间关联的表示。
• Looking-glass self: a term that highlights the effect of reflected appraisals on our self-concepts.
  镜中自我，一个强调反射评价对我们自我概念影响的概念。
• Node: a representation of information being stored in an associative network.
  节点：表示在关联网络中存储的信息的表示。
• Objective self-awareness: a state in which we focus on the behaviors that we are performing and compare them to our own beliefs and values.
  目标自我意识：一种我们关注自己正在执行的行为，并将它们与我们自己的信念和价值观进行比较的状态。
• Ought self: a representation of the self showing the level we do not want to fall below.
  应当自我：表示我们不想跌落到的水平。
• Reflected appraisals: our beliefs about how others see us. These beliefs often affect our self-concepts.
  我们的评价反映了他人如何看待我们。这些信念通常会影响我们的自我概念。
• Schematic: the property of a portion of the self-concept (called a self-schema) that makes it always be active in a person’s mind. 
  原理图：自我概念的一部分（称为自我图式）的特性，使其始终在人的脑海中保持活跃。
• Self-concept: one’s store of information about the self, including their autobiographical memories, social roles, and other types of self-knowledge.
  自我概念：一个人关于自己的信息储备，包括他们的自传性记忆、社会角色和其他类型的自我知识。
• Self-monitoring: an individual difference that describes the tendency to monitor your own behavior to ensure that it is appropriate for the situation you’re in.
  自我监控：描述个人差异，指监控自身行为以确保其适合所处情境的倾向。
• Self-schema: a part of the self-concept that contains a group of interrelated ideas that all relate to a single aspect of the self. 
  自我图式：自我概念的一部分，包含一系列相互关联的想法，这些想法都与自我的某个单一方面相关。
• Upward social comparisons: comparing yourself to someone you believe is better than you on some dimension.
  向上比较：将自己与你认为在某些方面比你更好的人进行比较。
• Working self-concept: the portion of our self-concept that is active at any given moment.
  工作自我概念：在任何给定时刻活跃的我们自我概念的组成部分。

Key Takeaways 关键要点

Here are the key takeaways from this module that will help you as you prepare for the Module Quiz:
以下是本模块的关键要点，这些要点将帮助您在准备模块测验时：

• The self-concept is the portion of the self that contains all of a person’s self-knowledge, including their autobiographical memories, social roles, likes and dislikes, and self-esteem.
  自我概念是指包含一个人所有自我知识的自我部分，包括他们的自传性记忆、社会角色、喜好和厌恶以及自尊。
  • The “I Am” task is a straightforward way to identify some of the components of the self-concept.
    “我是”任务是一种简单直接的方法来识别自我概念的一些组成部分。
  • Because the self-concept contains so much information, it is not possible to keep all of it in mind at the same time. Therefore, only a portion of it, called the working self-concept, is active at any given time.
    因为自我概念包含大量信息，所以不可能同时记住所有信息。因此，其中只有一部分，称为工作自我概念，在任何给定时间都是活跃的。
  • If portions of the self-concept are chronically accessible, they remain in the working self-concept all the time.
    如果自我概念的部分长期可访问，它们始终存在于工作自我概念中。
  • Self-concepts are often represented as associative networks containing information stored in nodes that are linked to each other.
    自我概念通常被表示为包含存储在相互连接的节点中的信息的关联网络。
• The self-concept can influence our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in many ways.
  自我概念可以以多种方式影响我们的思想、情感和行为。
  • The contents of the working self-concept can increase our attention to and memory for related concepts.
    工作自我概念的内容可以增强我们对相关概念的注意力和记忆力。
  • Whether we are focusing on our ideal self or ought self can affect our emotional reactions to failure.
    我们关注理想自我还是应该自我，可能会影响我们对失败的情绪反应。
  • We will often behave in ways designed to protect our self-esteem.
    我们通常会以保护自尊心为目的行事。
• Factors such as a person’s gender, culture, and family can strongly influence the development of a person’s self-concept. Social comparisons (such as upward comparisons and downward comparisons) can also impact a person’s self-concept.
  个人性别、文化、家庭等因素会强烈影响一个人的自我概念发展。社会比较（如向上比较和向下比较）也会影响一个人的自我概念。
• The culture in which people live can influence the contents of their self-concept.
  人们生活的文化可以影响他们的自我概念内容。
  • People from collectivistic cultures often have prominent interdependent self-concepts. These self-concepts emphasize the person’s relationships with other people and highlight the abilities, attributes, achievements, and other characteristics of the groups to which the person belongs, as opposed to emphasizing the person’s individual achievements.
    来自集体主义文化的人们通常具有突出的相互依存自我概念。这些自我概念强调个人与其他人的关系，并突出个人所属群体的能力、属性、成就和其他特征，而不是强调个人的个人成就。
  • People from individualistic cultures often have prominent independent self-concepts. These self-concepts emphasize the person’s individual abilities, attributes, achievements, and other characteristics.
    来自个人主义文化的人们通常具有突出的独立自我概念。这些自我概念强调个人的能力、属性、成就和其他特征。
• Factors outside the self can impact the degree to which a person acts consistently with their self-concept.
  外部因素可能影响一个人行为与其自我概念一致的程度。
  • When people are in a state of high objective self-awareness, they tend to act consistently with the beliefs and values contained in their self-concepts. When their self-awareness is lower, they are more likely to act inconsistently with those beliefs and values.
    当人们处于高度客观的自我意识状态时，他们往往会按照自我概念中包含的信念和价值观行事。当他们的自我意识较低时，他们更有可能不按照这些信念和价值观行事。
  • People who are high on the personality variable self-monitoring tend to change their behavior to fit the situation, thus leaving less room for the self to control their behavior.
    人们在高自我监控的人格变量上往往改变自己的行为以适应环境，从而留给自我控制行为的空间更少。

Now that you’ve finished reviewing these key takeaways, you can go back and look over the material from this module or move on to take the Module Quiz. Remember to use the information you just learned when you study for the quiz. Good luck!
现在你已经完成了这些关键点的回顾，你可以回到这个模块的资料中复习，或者继续进行模块测验。记得在准备测验时使用你刚刚学到的信息。祝你好运！

Source: https://www.coursera.org/learn/psychology-of-the-self/supplement/lHUq5/key-takeaways-the-self-concept